An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language/S-Sch (full text)

by Friedrich Kluge

S.

Saal, m., ‘hall, large room, drawing-room,’ from MidHG. and OHG. sal, m. and n., ‘house, large room, hall, building generally containing only one room, especially used for assemblies’; OSax. sęli, m., ‘building consisting of only one large room.’ In OHG. and OSax. the term sęlihûs, ‘house with a large room,’ is also used; AS. sęle, salor, sœl, ‘hall, palace,’ OIc. salr, m. (OTeut. saloz, saliz, n., may be assumed). Goth. preserves only the allied saljan, ‘to find shelter, remain,’ and saliþwôs, f. plur. ‘lodging, guest-chamber’; comp. with the latter OHG. sęlida, f., ‘dwelling,’ MidHG. sęlde. To these OSlov. selitva, f., ‘dwelling,’ and selo, n., ‘courtyard, village,’ and also Lat. sŏlum, ‘soil, ground.’ From the Teut. cognates are derived the Rom. class, Ital. sala, Fr. salle, ‘hall, room.’

Saat, f., ‘sowing, seed, crop,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sât, f.; corresponding to OSax. sâd, n., Du. zaad, AS. sœ̂d, m. and n., E. seed, OIc. sœ̂ðe, and sáð, n., ‘seed,’ Goth. only in mana-sêþs (þ equiv. to d), f., ‘mankind, world.’ OTeut. sê-di and sê-da- are abstract forms from the primit. root sê, ‘to sow,’ contained in Seu and Same.

Säbel, m., ‘sabre,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. and early ModHG. Sabel and Sebel, m., which, like the equiv. Fr. and E. sabre and Ital. sciabla, seems to be derived from the East; the ultimate source is still uncertain. The Slav. words, such as Russ. sablja, Pol. szabla, Serv. sablja, us well as Hun. száblya, appear to have been borrowed.

Säbenbaum, see Sebenbaum.

Sache, f., ‘thing, matter, affair, business, case,’ from MidHG. sache, OHG. sahha, f., ‘quarrel, cause of dispute, lawsuit, opportunity, affair, cause, reason'; corresponding to the equiv. OIc. sǫk, f., and OSax. saka, f.; comp. Du. zaak, ‘thing,’ AS. sacu, ‘strife, feud,’ E. sake, Goth. sakjô, f., ‘strife, dispute.’ The cognates are connected with Goth. sakan, ‘to strive, dispute,’ AS. sacan, OSax. sakan, OHG. sahhan, ‘to blame, scold; sue (at law).’ The root sak, ‘to contend, sue (at law),’ is peculiar to Teut. The evolution in meaning is worthy of special notice. The general sense ‘case' is a later development of ‘lawsuit, dispute,’ which has been preserved in ModHG. Sachwalter, ‘attorney, advocate’ (see further Widersacher). Old legal parlance developed the former from the latter.

sacht, adj., ‘soft, gentle, slow, gradual,’ ModHG. only (unknown to UpG.), from LG. sacht, comp. Du. zacht; LG. and Du. cht for HG. ft. It corresponds to HG. sanst, the nasal of which has disappeared even in OSax. sâfto, adv., ‘softly, gently.’

Sack, m., ‘sack, bag, pocket,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sac (gen. sackes), OHG. sac (gen. sacches), m.; corresponding to the equiv. Goth. sakkus, m., OIc. sekkr, m., AS. sœcc, m., E. sack, and Du. zak. A loanword from Lat. saccus (Ital. sacco, Fr. and OIr. sac), which came through the medium of Gr. σάκκος, from the Hebr. and Phœnic. sak. The Lat. word seems to have been introduced into G., through commercial intercourse with Roman merchants, at a very early period (in Cæsar's time?), probably contemporaneously with Arche, Kiste, and Schrein.

sackerlot, interj., ‘zounds!’ late ModHG., remodelled from Fr. sacré nom de Dieu; also corrupted into sapperlot. Sackerment (sapperment), from sacramentum, signifies ‘body of Christ.’

säen, vb., ‘to sow (seed),’ from the equiv. MidHG. sœjen, sœn, OHG. sâen (from an orig. sêjan); comp. the equiv. Goth. saian, OIc. sá, AS. sawan, E. to sow, Dan. zaaijen, OSax. sâjan. The Teut. root sê, ‘to sow,’ of which Saat and Same are derivatives, is common to the Aryan group; comp. the Lat. root sê in sê-vi, sa-tum, sê-men (Lat. sero is a reduplicated pres. for *si-so); OSlov. sěja (sěti), ‘to sow,’ Lith. sěja (sěti), ‘to sow.’

Safran, m., ‘saffron,’ from MidHG. safrân, m., which is derived from Fr. safran (comp. E. saffron); comp. Ital. zafferano, the ultimate source of which is the equiv. Arab. zâfarân.

Saft, m., ‘sap, juice,’ from the equiv. MidHG. saft, usually saf, OHG. saf (gen. saffes), n.; corresponding to AS. sœp, n., E. sap, Du. and LG. sap. Its connection with Lat. sapio (OHG. sęven, sęppen, MidHG. sęben, ‘to observe’) and sapor is conceivable on account of OIc. safe, ‘sap,’ provided that an Aryan root sap, sab (comp. Sans. sadar, ‘nectar’) seems possible (on the other band, Gr. ὀπός, ‘sap,’ and OSlov. sokŭ are not allied). The prevalent view that AS. sœp and OHG. saf were borrowed from Lat. săpa, ‘thick must,’ is unsatisfactory.

Sage, f., ‘legend, report,’ from MidHG. sage, OHG. saga, f., ‘speech, declaration, tale, rumour’; an abstract from sagen, like AS. saga, f., from sęcgan; E. saw,

sagen, vb., ‘to say, tell, utter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sagen, OHG. sagên; corresponding to OSax. sęggian, LG. seggen, Du. zeggen, AS. sęcgan (from *sagjan). E. to say, and its equiv. OIc. segja. In Goth. both *sagan and every other derivative from the same root are wanting. Teut. sagai-, which comes by the rule of grammatical change from Aryan sokē̆y-, is closely allied to Lith. sakýti, ‘to say,’ OSlov. sočiti, ‘to notify’; with this OLat. insece, ‘I narrate’ (in-sectiones, ‘tales’), is usually connected, as well as the Gr. root σεπ, σεκϝ in ἔννεπε for ἐν-σεπε, ἔ-σπ-ετε, ‘tell (thou or ye).’ OIr. sagim, saigim, ‘I speak, say,’ also point to a similar class. In Rom. only one loan-word of this class is found; comp. Span. sayon, ‘usher’ (of a law-court), lit. ‘speaker.’

Säge, f., ‘saw,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sëge, sage, OHG. sëga, saga, f.; comp. Du. zaag, AS. sage, f., and sagu, f., E. saw; OIc. sǫg, f. (Goth. *saga, f., is wanting). A derivative of an Aryan root sek, sok, whence also Lat. secâre, ‘to cut,’ securis, ‘hatchet’; see further under Sichel. The ä of ModHG. Säge is based, as is indicated by the modern Alem. dials., on ë; hence there is the same gradation in OHG. sëga and saga as in OHG. rëhho and AS. racu (see Rechen), or in HG. Nacken and E. neck. With the Aryan root sek, sok, are also connected in Teut., OHG. sahs, ‘sword’ (see Messer), E. scythe, and AS. sîðe, from sigþe; comp. OIc. sigðr, m., ‘sickle,’ OHG. sëh, MidHG. sëch, ‘ploughshare,’ and the cognates of Sense.

Sahne, f., ‘cream,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. (MidG. and LG.) sane, f.; comp. Du. zaan. The word orig. also belonged probably to UpG., as is indicated by the derivative Senne (for Sahne the UpG. and MidG. word Rahm is now used, in Swiss also nĭdel, and in other dials. Schmant). The origin of the cognates is obscure.

Saite, f., ‘string’ (of a musical instrument), from MidHG. seite, m. and f., OHG. seita, f., seito, m., ‘string, cord, fetter’; comp. OHG. seid, n., ‘cord, noose,’ AS. sâda, m., ‘cord, noose,’ derived by means of the Aryan suffix t from the Teut. and Aryan root sai, by gradation sī̆, ‘to bind,’ which appears in Seil; comp. further OIc. seimr, m., ‘string’ (Goth. *sai-ma-), and síma, n., ‘string,’ AS. sîma, OSax. sī̆mo, m., ‘cord’; also Gr. ὶ-μάς, ‘strap,’ and the Sans. root si, ‘to bind, fetter.’ The derivatives most closely allied to the Teut. word are OSlov. sě-tĭ, f., ‘cord,’ and Lith. saítas, m., ‘cord.’ With regard to the Pre-Teut. root sī̆, see further under Seil.

-sal, in Mühsal, see selig.

Salamander, m., ‘salamander,’ from the equiv. MidHG. salamander, m. and f.; the origin of the meaning ‘toast’ (drunk in special honour of a guest at students' clubs), which first became current between 1830 and 1840, is very much disputed.

Salat, m., ‘salad,’ late MidHG. salât, m., from the equiv. Ital. salata, insalata.

Salbader, m., ‘idle talker, quack, ModHG. only (the earliest reference is in the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum); its origin is wrongly attributed to the owner of a bathing establishment (ein Bader) at Jena, who bored his guests with his stale stories. Others prefer to connect it with salvator, ‘saviour,’ so that salbadern would mean ‘to have the name salvator on one's lips, and nothing more,’ an equally improbable explanation.

Salbe, f., ‘salve,’ from the equiv. MidHG. salbe, OHG. salba, f.; a common Teut. term; comp. OSax. salƀa, Du. zalf, AS. sealf, E. salve (Goth. *salba, f., may be inferred from salbôn, ‘to anoint’). The Teut. salbô-, from pre-Teut. solpã-, is entirely unrelated to Gr. ἀλείφω; Gr. ἕλπος, ‘oil,’ ἔλφος, ‘butter,’ ὄλπη, ‘oil-flask,’ Sans. sarpís, n., ‘grease,’ are more probably allied to Salbe.

Salbei, m., ‘sage,’ from MidHG. salbeie, salveie, OHG. salbeia, salveia, f., from MidLat. salvegia, a variant of Lat. and Rom. salvia (Fr. sauge, whence E. sage).

Salbuch, n., ‘register of the survey of lands,’ from MidHG. sal-buoch, n., ‘register of lands belonging to the community, a record of receipts and donations,’ from MidHG. sal, f., ‘legal assignment of an estate,’ which, with MidHG. sal, m., ‘legacy,’ is connected with OHG. sęllen, AS. sęllan, ‘to surrender.’ The corresponding E. verb to sell has acquired a different shade of meaning.

Salm, Salmen, m., ‘salmon,’ from MidHG. salme, OHG. salmo, m., from the equiv. Lat. salmo.

Salweide, f., ‘sallow, round-leaved willow’; allied to MidHG. salhe, f., OHG. salaha (Goth. *salhô), f., ‘willow’; the second part of the ModHG. compound serves as. an explanation of the old term, which is undoubtedly of genuine Teut. origin; comp. OIc. selja, f. (Goth. *salhjô), and AS. sealh, E. sallow. Primit. allied to Gr. ἑλίκῇ (Arcad.), Lat. sălix (acc. salicem), ‘willow’; Fr. saule is based not on the Lat., but on the HG. word.

Salz, n., ‘salt,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. salz, n.; corresponding to the equiv. Goth. salt, AS. sealt, n., E. salt, Du. zout, OSax. salt (also an adj. OIc. saltr, AS. sealt, ‘salty, saline’). The specifically Teut. form sal-ta- (whence Lapp. saltte) is of course related to Lat. sal, Gr. ἅλς; comp. further OSlov. solĭ, Lett. sâls, OIr. salann, ‘salt.’ The lengthened pre-Teut. root sald appears also in Lat. sallere, ‘to salt,’ with the assimilation of ld to ll; in Lith. the corresponding adj. saldùs has the remarkable signification ‘sweet’ (Lith. druskà, ‘salt,’ is connected with Lett. druska, ‘crumb.’ Among the Eastern Aryans a cognate term is wanting, the word salt, curiously enough, not being intentioned in the Rig-Veda. Perhaps the Western Aryans, in their migration, got their knowledge of the mineral from a civilised tribe that has also exercised an influence on European languages in other instances (comp. Silber). That a graded form could be constructed from even a foreign term admits of no doubt (see Sülze). Perhaps the divergence between Teut. salta- and Gr. Lat. sal- is due to differences anterior to the period in which the word was borrowed.

-sam, see langsam.

Same, m., ‘seed, semen, spawn,’ from MidHG. sâme, OHG. and OSax. sâmo, m., ‘grain of seed, seed, descendants, field, soil’; a derivative of the root sê, ‘to sow,’ contained in Saat and säen. Corresponding to Lat. sêmen, OSlov. sěmę, ‘seed,’ Lith. sėmů, ‘seed’; an Aryan neut. sê-mn-, with a suffix men, is implied; the same suffix appears in Keim and Blume. A different derivation is indicated by OIr. síl and Lith. sėklà, ‘seed’ (prim. form sêtla}.

Sämischleder, n., ModHG. only, corresponding to the equiv. E. chamois leather (also shammy), Fr. peaux chamoisees; of obscure origin, perhaps from Russ. zamša, ‘wash-leather.’

sammeln, vb., ‘to collect, gather,’ from the equiv. MidHG. samelen, prop. with a n- suffix, samenen, OHG. samanôn; corresponding to OSax. samnôn, Du. zamelen, AS. samnian, OIc. samna, ‘to collect’; a derivative of the OG. adv. saman. Primit. allied to Sans. samanâ, ‘together.’ See zusammen and gesamt.

Samstag, m., ‘Saturday,’ prop. a UpG. and Rhen. word (in MidG. and LG. Sonnabend), from MidHG. samȥtac, sampstac, OHG. sambaȥtac. In Du. zaterday, LG. sâterdach, AS. sœternesdœg, E. Saturday, which, like the equiv. OIr. dia sathairnn and Alban. šëtúne, are based on Lat. Saturni dies, unknown to Rom.; in OIc. laugardagr, þváttdagr (lit. ‘bathing day’). From the ecclesias. Lat. sabbati dies (whence Fr. samedi, Ital. sabbato, Prov. dissapte, and Ir. sapait), OHG. sambaȥ-tac, ModHG. Samstag cannot be derived, for such a derivation does not explain the HG. nasal; nor can the t of an ecclesias. Lat. word be changed to ȥ. Since OSlov. sąbota, Magy. szombat, and Rouman. sămbătă are the most closely allied to OHG. sambaȥ-, we may perhaps assume that it is of Eastern origin, which supposition is supported by the fact that Bav. pfinz-tac, ‘Thursday,’ is borrowed from Gr. πέμπτη (see Pfinztag). Although Gr. *σαμβατον, a parallel form of σάββατον, has not yet been discovered, we may infer its existence from Pers. šamba almost with certainty; the corresponding Arab., Ethiop., and Abyss. words have also a medial mb. It is manifest that an Oriental term, sambato, of the 5th cent. was introduced into UpG. and Slav. through Gr. (along with Arianism, see Kirche and Pfaffe); yet it is strange that Ulfilas uses sabbatô dags without any nasal (comp. Goth. aíkklêsjô with West-Teut. kirika, from κυριακόν).

Samt, m., ‘velvet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. samît, samâdt, m.; borrowed in the MidHG. period from Rom.; comp. MidLat. samîtum, Ital. sciamito, OFr. samit. The ultimate source is MidLat. examîtum, ModGr. ἐξάμιτον, ‘a stuff made of six twisted threads’ (Gr. μὲτος, ‘thread’), whence also OSlov. aksamitŭ, ‘velvet.’ Span. and Port. terciopelo, ‘velvet,’ lit. ‘consisting of triple threads,’ is similarly formed.

samt, prep. adv., ‘together with,’ from MidHG. samt, earlier sament, OHG. samant, adv. ‘together,’ also a prep. with dat. ‘together with.’ See zusammen and sammeln.

Sand, m., ‘sand,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sant (gen. sandes), OHG. sant (gen. -tes), m.; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. sand, m. and n., Du. zand, AS. sǫnd, n., E. sand, OIc. sandr, m. (Goth. *sanda-, m. and n., is by chance not recorded). They represent pre-Teut. samdho-, samadho- (in Teut. m before d is changed into n; see Rand, Hundert, and Schande); comp. Gr. ἄμαθος, ‘sand.’ The equiv. Bav. and Tyrol. samp (MidHG. sampt), from OHG. *samat, corresponds exactly to the Gr. word; comp. further E. dial. samel, ‘sandy soil,’ with Lat. sabulum, from *samulum?.

Sandel, m., ‘sandal-wood,’ ModHG. only, from Ital. sandalo (Fr. sandal), ‘an Indian dyeing wood’; “from Gr. σάνταλον, which comes from Arab. zandal, but orig. derived from Sans. candana. The tree grows in the East Indies, whence the wood was brought to the West as an article of commerce.”

sanft, adj., ‘soft, gentle,’ from MidHG. sęnfte, adj., sanfte, adv., OHG. sęmfti, adj., samfto, adv., ‘softly’; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. sâfti, adj., safto, adv. (comp. sacht), AS. sêfte, adj., sôfte, adv., ‘softly’ (E. soft); wanting in East Teut. Do the cognates belong to Goth. samjan, ‘to please’? (comp. Ranft, from the root ram). Deriv. Sänfte.

Sang, m., ‘song,’ from MidHG. sanc (gen. -ges), OHG. sang, m., ‘singing, song’; see singen,

sapperlot, see sackerlot.

Sardelle, f., ‘sardine,’ first occurs in ModHG., from Ital. sardella (MidLat. sarda, prop. ‘the Sardinian’), a variant of sardina.

Sarder, m., ‘sardel, sardine,’ from late MidHG. sarde, MidHG. usually sardîn, m., ‘a precious stone’; from MidLat. sarda (Gr. σάρδιον).

Sarg, m., ‘coffin,’ from MidHG. sarc (gen. sarkes) and sarch (gen. sarches), m., ‘coffin, vault, grave,’ also generally ‘shrine, receptacle,’ OHG. saruh, sarch, m., ‘sarcophagus, coffin’; comp. Du. zerk, ‘gravestone.’ Rom. has a corresponding class in ModFr. cercueil, ‘coffin,’ and its earlier cognates. The ordinary derivation from σαρκοφάγος, ‘sarcophagus,’ was repudiated as early as Lessing, because Sarg in MidHG. ‘signified in countless passages a receptacle generally, a water vessel, a trough, a shrine for idols or saints’; perhaps the Gr. term has helped to determine the ModHG. meaning and the spelling of the word with g. As yet nothing definite has been discovered concerning this probably Teut. word. It may be connected with OIc. serkr, ‘shirt,’ since the Aryan root serg in Lith. sérgėti (OSlov. strěgą, strěšti), ‘to watch over, guard,’ has a general signification (Sarg, ‘receptacle’).

satt, adj., ‘sated, satiated,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sat (gen. sates), adj.; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. sad, AS. sœd, ‘sated’ (E. sad), OIc. saðr (saddr), Goth. saþs, ‘sated.’ A Teut. partic., in -da- (see laut and falt) connected with an Aryan root sā̆, ‘to satiate,’ from whose long vowel form Goth. sô-þjan, ‘to satisfy,’ and sô-þs, ‘repletion,’ are constructed. Comp. Lat. sat, satis, satur; Lith. sōtas, m., ‘repletion,’ sōtus, ‘satiating, easily satiated’; Gr. ἄμεναι (ā), ‘to satiate,’ ἄ-ατος, ‘insatiable,’ and ἄ-δην, ‘sufficiently’; OIr. sathach, ‘sated,’ súsaim, ‘to sate, satiate,’ sáith, ‘repletion’ (OSlov. sytŭ, ‘sated,’ is, on account of its vowel, not allied). The meaning of E. sad is curiously developed from the idea expressed by satt.

Satte, Sette, f., ‘bowl, porringer, milk-pan,’ ModHG. only, from LG. satte, sętte, a derivative of sitten, ‘to sit’; the milk is kept in Satten, so that the cream may set. OHG. satta, ‘basket, provision basket,’ which became obsolete as early as the beginning of the MidHG. period, does not appear to be allied.

Sattel, m., ‘saddle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. satel, OHG. satal, satul, m.; corresponding to Du. zadel, AS. sadol, E. saddle, OIc. sǫðull, m.; Goth. *saduls is by chance not recorded. The assumption that the word is borrowed from Lat. sedîle is not supported either by the sound or the meaning. The common OTeut. *sadula- cannot, however, be primit. allied to sitzen (Teut. root set). Perhaps the word was anciently borrowed from another Aryan tongue, which could probably form sadula- from the root sed, ‘to sit’ (comp. Reich); comp. Slav. sedlo (sedĭlo), ‘saddle.’

Saturei, f., ‘savory’ (bot.), from the equiv. MidHG. satereie; comp. Ital. satureja, Fr. sarriette, MidLat. saturêja.

Satz, m., ‘sediment; sentence; set; wager,’ from MidHG. saz (gen. satzes), m.; a graded form of sitzen, signifying in MidHG. ‘place where something lies or is put, position, situation, mandate, law, purpose,’ &c.

Sau, f., ‘sow, hog,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sû, f.; corresponding to AS. sû, E. sow, OIc. sýr, ‘sow.’ Du. zog, zeug, ‘sow,’ belong further, like AS. sŭgu (Goth. *sugus), and Suab., MidLG., and MidE. suge, to OTeut. sû, whence also Schwein (Goth. swein, n.) is derived. The term sû, ‘pig,’ is essentially West Aryan; comp. Lat. sû-s, Gr. ὗ-ς, σῦ-ς, to which Zend hu, ‘boar,’ is allied; for further references see under Schwein. The root is Sans. su, ‘to bring forth’ (comp. Sohn), so that the ‘sow’ was probably named from its fecundity; others regard sû as an imitation of the grunting of the pig, because in Sans. the animal is termed sûkara, lit. ‘sû maker.’ Sau, in its prov. sense, ‘ace’ (of cards), seems, like Hund, to have been an old technical term in dice-playing, yet early references are wanting.

sauber, adj., ‘neat, clean, nice, pretty,’ from MidHG. sûber, sûver, ‘neat, clean, pretty,’ OHG. sûbar, sûbiri; OSax. *sûƀri, Du. zuiver, AS. sŷfre, ‘clean, purified, spotless’; Goth. *sûbri- is wanting. Since the agreement of the OWest Teut. dials. proves the early existence of the Teut. word, the assumption that it was borrowed from Lat. sobrius or Gr. σῦφαρ cannot be maintained.

sauer, adj., ‘sour, acid, bitter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sûr, adj.; corresponding to Du. zuur, MidLG. and AS. sûr, E. sour, OIc. súrr; Goth. sûrais by chance not recorded. Pre-Teut. *sûró-s is further attested by OSlov. syrŭ, ‘raw,’ and Lith. sū́ras, ‘salty.’ Perhaps Gr. ξὺρός, ‘sour’ (in Hesych.), and the root ἕυ, ‘to scrape, scratch,’ are also allied; in that case sauer would mean ‘scratching.’ From Teut. is derived Fr. sur, ‘sour.’

saufen, vb., ‘to drink’ (of beasts), from MidHG. sûfen, OHG. sûfan, ‘to sip, lap, drink’; MidLG. sûpen, AS. sûpan, and OIc. súpa have the same sense; comp. further Du. zuipen, ‘to drink,’ E. to sup (the verb to sip seems to be connected with Goth. *sŭpjan). For the Teut. root sū̆p, which has not yet been found in other groups, see Soff and Suppe; comp. further seufzen.

saugen, vb., ‘to suck, absorb,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sûgen, OHG. sûgan; Du. zuigen, MidLG. sûgen, AS. sûgan (also sûcan, E. to suck), OIc. súga have the same meaning; Goth. *sûgan, *sûkan are by chance not recorded. Teut. root sū́g (sū̆k), from pre-Teut. sū̆k (sū̆g); comp. Lat. sûgere, Lett. sūzu (sūkt), ‘to suck,’ OIr. súgim (also OSlov. sŭsą, sŭsati, ‘I suck’?).

säugen, vb., ‘to suckle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. söugen, OHG. sougen, prop. ‘to cause to suck’; a factitive of sûgan; see saugen. Goth. *saugjan is wanting.

Säule (1.) (Bav. Saul), f., ‘pillar,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sûl (plur. siule), OHG. sûl (plur. sûli), f.; comp. Du. zuil, AS. sŷl; OIc. súla, ‘pillar’; also, with gradation, Goth. sauls, f., ‘pillar.’ Perhaps Schwelle is primit. allied.

Säule (2.), f., ‘awl,’ from MidHG. siule, OHG. siula, f., ‘awl, punch’ (Goth. *siwila, f.); connected with the Aryan root sī̆w, “the primit. word for leather-work” (see Ahle). Comp. Goth. sinjan, OHG. siuwan, AS. seówian, E. to sew; also Lat. suo, ‘I sew,’ sutor, ‘cobbler,’ Gr. κασ-σύω, ‘to patch, stitch,’ Sans. root sîw, ‘to sew,’ OSlov. ši-ti, ‘to sew.’ In a sense corresponding to that of MidHG. siule we find Lat. subula and OSlov. šilo, which are formed from the same root. Comp. the following word.

Saum (1.), m., ‘border,’ from MidHG. and OHG. soum, m., ‘sewn edge of a garment, border’; corresponding to Du. zoom, AS. seám, m., E. seam, OFris. sâm, OIc. saumr, m., ‘border, seam’ (Goth. *sauma- is by chance not recorded). A graded form of the Aryan root sû-, a variant of the root sī̆w, ‘to sew,’ discussed under Säule (2). Comp. Sans. sûtra, ‘thread.’

Saum (2.), ‘load,’ from MidHG. and OHG. soum, m., ‘load of a beast of burden’ (also as a measure of weight), ‘beast of burden’; corresponding to AS. seám, ‘horse-load,’ E. seam. Borrowed prior to the OHG. period, probably even before the AS. migration, from Low Lat. sauma (σάγμα), ‘pack-saddle,’ whence also Ital. salma, Fr. somme. —

Säumer, ‘beast of burden, driver of sumpter-beasts,’ from MidHG. soumœre, OHG. soumâri, ‘beast of burden,’ AS. seámere; formed from MidLat. sagmarius. —

Saumsattel, ‘pack-saddle,’ MidHG. soumsatel, AS. seámsadol.

säumen, vb., ‘to linger,’ from MidHG. sûmen, ‘to stay, defer, loiter, linger’; OHG. only virsûmen (MidHG. versûmen), ‘to let slip,’ and ar-sûmen, ‘to omit.’ The history of the word is very obscure, because it is peculiar to G., and appears only in a compound form in OHG. The great antiquity of the compound is attested by MidHG. frá-sûme, m., ‘delay,’ which points to Goth. *frá-sûma, m.; we should have expected MidHG. versûme. Probably the meaning, which properly belongs only to the compound, has been transferred to the simple form. —

Saumsal, ‘procrastinating disposition,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sûmesal, sûmesele, with the suffix -sal: hence ModHG. saumselig, MidHG. (MidG.) sûmeselic.

Saurach, m., ‘barberry, pepperidge bush,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sûrach, m. A derivative of sauer, MidHG. sûr.

Saus, m., ‘buzz, bluster,’ from MidHG. sûs, m., ‘drinking, blustering, revelling and rioting’; even in MidHG. occurs in dem sûse lëben, ‘to revel and riot,’ lit. ‘noisy doings’; comp. OIc. sús, ‘roar of the surf.’ —

sausen, ‘to rage, bluster, buzz,’ from MidHG. sûsen (siusen), OHG. sûsôn, ‘to bluster, hum, hiss, creak, gnash’; derived from an OAryan root sûs (OSlov. sysati, ‘to whistle, bluster,’ Sans. root çuš, ‘to snort’). —

säuseln, vb., ‘to rustle, murmur,’ dimin. of MidHG. siusen, ‘to bluster.’

Schabe (1.), ‘mill-moth, cockroach,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schabe, f.; OHG. *scaba, f., is by chance not recorded in this sense; comp. AS. mœelsčęafa, ‘caterpillar.’ Derived, like the following word, from schaben.

Schabe (2.), f., ‘scraper, spokeshave,’ from MidHG. schabe, OHG. scaba, f., ‘spokeshave, plane.’ Comp. Du. schaaf, ‘plane,’ AS. sčęafa, E. shave (knife for shaving, hoop-axe), OIc. skafa, f., ‘spokeshave.’

schaben, vb., ‘to shave, scrape, scratch,’ from MidHG. schaben, OHG. scaban, ‘to scratch, erase, scrape,’ corresponding to Goth. skaban, ‘to shear’; OIc. skafa, ‘to scratch, shave,’ AS. sčęafan, E. to shave, Du. schaven, ‘to shave, smooth.’ Teut. root skab, from the pre-Teut. root skā̆p; comp. Gr. σκάπ-τω, ‘to dig,’ σκαπάνη, ‘spade,’ Lith. skópti, ‘to hollow out,’ skáptas, ‘woodcarver's knife’; allied also probably to Lat. scabo, ‘to scratch, shave,’ OSlov. skoblĭ, ‘spokeshave,’ Lith. skabùs, ‘sharp’ (Aryan root skā̆b). See the preceding words as well as Schuppe and Schaft.

Schabernack, m., ‘hoax, practical joke,’ from MidHG. schabernac, schavernac, m., ‘hoax, mockery, scorn,’ also chiefly ‘shaggy (lit. neck-rubbing?) fur cap,’ and ‘a kind of strong wine.’ Allied to OHG. ir-scabarôn, ‘to scratch out, scrape together.’ It is uncertain whether the second part of the compound is connected with ModHG. Nacken or with the verb necken. The MidHG. word with its numerous senses may have also meant orig. ‘prankish hobgoblin.’ Comp. den Schelm im Nacken haben, ‘to be a sly dog’?.

schäbig, adj., ‘shabby, sordid, scabby,’ from an earlier ModHG. Schabe, ‘scab, itch’; comp. MidHG. sohębic, ‘scabby.’ Allied, like AS. sčęabb, E. shab (shabby perhaps influenced the ModHG. meaning of schäbig), to schaben.

Schach, n., ‘chess,’ from MidHG. schâch, m. and n., ‘king (at chess), chessboard, checkmating move’; the chessboard was usually termed schâch-zabel in MidHG., zabel (even in OHG. zabal, ‘chess or draught board’), being changed by permutation from Lat. tabula. MidHG. schâch was obtained through a Rom. medium from Pers. schâh, ‘king’; it is strange, therefore, that the HG. word ends in ch in contrast to the Rom. cc; comp. Ital. scacco, Fr. échec. This must be ascribed to a fresh influence of the orig. word.

Schächer m., ‘robber,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schâchœre, OHG. scâhhâri, m., connected with MidHG. schâch, OHG. scâh, m., ‘robbery, rapine'; comp. Du. schaak, ‘rape, seduction,’ OFris. skâk, ‘booty, robbery,’ AS. sčeâcêre, ‘robber'; Goth. *skêka, ‘robbery,’ is wanting. The Teut. cognates passed into Rom.; comp. OFr. échec, ‘robbery.’ Other terms related to the Teut. cognates are not found in the Aryan languages.

schachern, vb., ‘to chaffer, haggle,’ ModHG. only, allied to Hebr. suchar, ‘gain.’

Schacht (1.), m., ‘shaft’ (of a pit), from the equiv. MidHG. schaht, m.; prop. the LG. form of Schaft. See the following word.

Schacht (2.), m., ‘square rood,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. LG. schacht, which is identical with HG. Schaft. —

Schachtelhalm, m., ‘shave-grass,’ likewise from LG., for the MidHG. equiv. term is schaftel, n., a dimin. of the MidHG. word for Schaft.

Schachtel, f., ‘box, bandbox,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. schahtel, f., which, with its equally late variant schatel, is borrowed from Ital. scatola, ‘bandbox, box.’ The change of the simple t into cht in MidHG. and ModHG. has not yet been explained; comp., however, MidHG. schahtelân and schatelan for kastelân. — Schatulle is a recent loan-word with the same signification. Schachtel, ‘old woman,’ occurs even in late MidHG., in which schahtel also means ‘feminal.’ The latter looks a LG. loan-word for HG. schaftel, from Schaft.

Schade, n., ‘damage, harm, injury,’ from MidHG. schade, OHG. scado, m., ‘damage, destruction, disadvantage’; corresponding to the equiv. Du. schade OIc. skaðe, m. Further OIc. skaðe, OHG. scado, OSax. scaðo, AS. sčęaþa, m., ‘robber, foe,’ allied to Goth. skaþjan, ‘to injure, act unjustly,’ AS. sčęþþan, ‘to injure,’ OHG. scadôn, MidHG. and ModHG. schaden. An Aryan root skā̆́th, corresponding to the Teut. root skaþ, appears in Gr. ἀσκηθής, ‘unscathed.’

Schädel, m., ‘skull,’ from MidHG. schědel, m., ‘skull,’ and also ‘a dry measure’; ullied to Du. schedel, m.; unknown to the other OTeut. dials. (in OHG. gëbal, ‘skull,’ like Gr. κεφαλή; see Giebel). Its connection with Scheitel is conceivable.

Schaf, n., ‘sheep,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schâf, OHG. scâf, n.; common to West Teut. in the same sense; comp. OSax. scâp, n., Du. schaap, n., AS. sčęâp, n., E. sheep; in Goth. lamb (see Lamm), OIc. fœ́r, f., ‘sheep,’ whence Fœ́r-eyjar, ‘the Faroe Isles’ (lit. ‘sheep isles’). Teut. skêpo- (for *skêqo-) corresponds perhaps to Sans. châga, ‘he-goat.’ Yet Aryan owis, by inference from Lat. ovis, Gr. ὄϝις, Sans. ávis, and Lith. avìs (OSlov. ovĭca), was the oldest term which is preserved in OTeut. and a few ModTeut. dials.; comp. Goth. awistr, ‘sheepfold,’ *aweiþi, ‘flock of sheep,’ OHG. ou, OLG. ęwi, AS. eowu, and E. ewe (to which to yean from ge-eánian is allied?). —

Schäfchen, in the phrase sein Schäfchen ins Trockene bringen, ‘to feather one's nest,’ is usually explained as a corruption of LG. schepken, ‘barque.’ Perhaps it is, however, an ironical application of a passage in the parable of the Good Shepherd.

Schaff, n., ‘vessel,’ UpG.; see Scheffel.

schaffen, vb., ‘to create, procure, obtain, bring,’ from MidHG. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, ‘to create, effect, arrange, do, make.’ Also in a similar sense OHG. scępfen, skęffen, Goth. gaskapjan, AS. sčyppan, OSax. scęppian and Goth. *skapôn, OHG. scaffôn, MidHG. schaffen. These imply a root skap peculiar to Teut., the connection of which with schaben is not quite certain; see also schöpfen. OTeut. had a number of substant. derivatives from the same root, such as ModHG. Schöpfung, Geschöpf, and E. shape; see the following word and Schöffe.

Schaffner, m., ‘purveyor, steward, manager,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schaffenœre, m., of which the equiv. variant schaffœre occurs; allied to schaffen; see also Schöffe.

Schafott, n., ‘scaffold,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. echafaut, earlier chafaut, through the medium of Du. schavot?.

Schaft (1.), m., ‘shaft, handle, trunk, stalk,’ from MidHG. schaft, OHG. scaft, m., ‘shaft, spear, lance’; comp. OSax. skaft, m., ‘spear,’ Du. schacht, m., ‘quill, shaft of a lance,’ AS. sčęaft, E. shaft, OIc. skapt, n., ‘pole, spear’; Goth. *skafta- is by chance not recorded. These substant. cognates can scarcely be related to schaffen, they are connected rather with schaben (lit. ‘that which has been scraped or made smooth’?). It is most closely allied to Gr. σκῆπτρον, ‘staff,’ akin to Dor. (Pindar) σκᾶπτον, σκήπων, ‘staff’; further Lat. scâpus, ‘shaft’; hence OAryan skā̆p-, ‘shaft.’

Schaft (2.), m., ‘shelves, bookcase, ModHG. only; from MidHG. schaf, ‘vessel for containing liquids’?. For the latter see Scheffel.

Schakal, m., ‘jackal,’ ModHG. only, from Pers. and Turk. schakal; through the medium of Fr. chacal?.

schäkern, vb., ‘to jest, joke, play,’ late ModHG. (last cent.), from Jew.-Hebr. scheker, ‘lie.’

schal, adj., ‘hollow, stale, flat,’ from MidHG. (rare) schal, adj., ‘turbid,’ to which MidHG. verschaln and schaln, ‘to become dim’; comp. Du. verschalen, ‘to get flat or stale,’ E. shallow. The term, the origin of which is obscure, is wanting in the UpG. dials.

Schale, f., ‘shell, peel, scale, dish,’ from MidHG. schū̆l, schū̆le, OHG. scū̆la, f., ‘husk of fruit, egg-shell, &c., drinking cup’ (hence Fr. écale, ‘egg-shell, nut-shell’). It is questionable whether the two different senses are evolved from the same word. It is at all events probable that one of the meanings was connected with a form containing ă (in the sense of ‘husk’), the other with a form containing â, just as North Fris. distinguishes skal (orig. ă), ‘‘scale of animals,’ &c., from skeel (orig. â, ê), ‘bowl.’ Comp. OSax. scâla, f., ‘drinking cup,’ AS. sčeălu, ‘husk,’ E. shale and (under OIc. influence?) scale, OIc. skál, f., ‘drinking cup, scale (of a balance).’ Akin to Goth. skalja, f., ‘tile’ (lit. perhaps ‘shingle, similar to a scale’), OIc. skel, f., AS. sčyll, f., E. shell, Du. schel, f., ‘shell, husk.’ The Goth. and Teut. form skalja passed into Rom.; comp. Ital. scalgia, Fr. écaille, ‘scale, shell, crust.’ The Teut. cognates are usually connected with an Aryan root skel, ‘to split’; comp. Schelle, as well as Lith. skélti, ‘to split,’ OSlov. skolĭka, ‘mussel, shell-fish,’ Russ. skala, ‘crust.’—

schälen, ‘to shell, scale, peel,’ MidHG. scheln, OHG. schellen, ‘to strip off, peel off’; allied to Schale.

Schalk, m., ‘rogue, knave,’ from MidHG. schalc, m., ‘servant, serf; person of servile character, espec. cunning person,’ OHG. scalch, m., ‘servant’; corresponding to Goth. skalks, OIc. skálkr, AS. sčealc, m., ‘retainer, man’ (so too the corresponding fem. sčylčen, ‘‘maid-servant’). The evolution in meaning is similar to that of AS. čyfes and wealh; see Kebse and welsch. Schalk passed at an early period into Ital., in which scalco signifies ‘head-cook.’ It is worthy of note that the meaning of the word is lifted into a higher plane in its transition from MidHG. to ModHG.; it is thus defined by Goethe, ‘one who plays a good-humoured practical joke.’

Schall, m., ‘loud sound, noise,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schal (gen. schalles), OHG. scal (ll), m.; from this is derived MidHG. and ModHG. schallen, akin to OHG. scëllan, MidHG. schëllen, ‘to sound loudly, resound,’ OIc. skjalla, ‘to rattle.’ From the Teut. verb is derived the Rom. term Ital. squillare, ‘to ring, resound.’ See Schelle and Schilling.

Schalmei, f., ‘reed pipe, shepherd’s pipe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schalemîe, f., which is again derived from the equiv. Fr. chalumeau, or rather Burg. and Wall. chalemie, MidLat. scalmeia (akin to Lat. calamus).

Schalotte, f., ‘shallot,’ formed from the equiv. Fr. échalotte, from MidLat. ascalonium, ‘onion from Ascalon (in Palestine),’ whence also ModHG. Aschlauch.

schalten, vb., ‘to go or push against the stream, direct, regulate,’ from MidHG. schalten, ‘to push, impel (espec. a ship), set a-going, drive.’ Just as Lat. gubernare came to mean ‘to direct, rule,’ so schalten acquired in ModHG. the sense of ‘to direct,’ OHG. scaltan,‘to push,’ OSax. skaldan, ‘to impel a ship’; a corresponding term is wanting in the other Teut. dials. Origin obscure. For derivatives see schelten. In ModHG. Schalter, ‘sash window,’ MidHG. schalter, schelter, ‘bolt,’ the prim. meaning of schalten gleams through; so too in Schaltjahr, MidHG. and OHG. schalt-jâr, n., ‘intercalary year,’ so named because a day is inserted.

Schaluppe, f£., ‘sloop,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. Fr. chaloupe, which is derived from Du. sloep, whence also the equiv. E. sloop; the E. variant shallop comes from Fr.

Scham, f., ‘shame, disgrace, bashfulness, pudenda,’ f., from MidHG. scham, OHG. scama, f., ‘sense of shame, confusion, infamy, disgrace (MidHG.), pudibunda.’ Comp. OSax. skama, f., ‘confusion,’ Du. schaam- (in compounds), AS. sčeǫmu, f., ‘shame, infamy, disgrace,’ E. shame; Goth. *skama, f., may be inferred from skaman, ‘to be ashamed’ (OHG. scamên). The Aryan root skam, which also appears in ModHG. Schande, is connected with the Aryan root kam, ‘to cover oneself,’ preserved in Hemd (which see, as well as Leichnam) and in Goth. hamôn, so that Goth. sik skaman, ‘to be ashamed,’ would signify lit. ‘to cover oneself.’

Schande, f., ‘disgrace, infamy,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schande, OHG. scanta, f.; corresponding to the equiv. Goth. skanda, AS. sčęǫnd, Du. schande, f.; an abstract form from the root skam (see Scham), with the change of m into n before d, as in Rand. Comp. further the partic. in da- formed from the same root, OHG. scant (see laut, fatt, and zart); from this is derived ModHG. schänden, MidHG. schęnden, OHG. scęnten, ‘to dishonour, ravish.’

Schank, m., ‘retail, from late MidHG. *schanc, m., in wîn-schanc, m., ‘wine tavern’; the simple MidHG. word schanc signifies ‘vessel to pour from; present.’ Allied to schenken.

Schanker, m., ‘cancer, chancre,’ ModHG. only, formed from Fr. chancre.

Schanze (1.), f., ‘chance, fortune’; comp. etwas in die Schanze schlagen, ‘to hazard something.’ From MidHG. schanze, f., ‘throw at dice, lucky throw, game’; borrowed from the equiv. Fr. and E. chance (MidLat. cadentia, ‘throwing of the dice,’ Ital. cadenza, ‘fall’).

Schanze (2.), f., ‘redoubt, earthwork,’ from late MidHG. schanze, f., ‘bundle of faggots, redoubt’; akin to Du. schans. Of obscure origin.

Schar (1.), see Pflugschar.

Schar (2.), f., ‘host, troop, crowd,’ from MidHG. schar, f., ‘division of an army, drawn up detachment of soldiers, knot of four or more men, crowd, heap,’ OHG. skara, f., ‘host.’ The meaning is not connected with scheren. AS. sčęalu, sčęolu (E. shoal), ‘host,’ is abnormal. From Teut. is derived the Rom. word schiera, ‘host, troop, swarm.’ See Scherge.

Scharbe, f., ‘cormorant,’ from MidHG. scharbe, OHG. scarba, scarva, f., ‘diver, cormorant’; comp. OIc. skarfr, ‘pellicanus graculus’; AS. scrœf?.

Scharbock, m., ‘scurf, scurvy,’ early ModHG., a corruption of MidLat. scorbûtus. From the same source are derived the equiv. Du. scheurbuik, E. scurvy, Ital. scorbuto, and Fr. scorbut. The ultimate source of the cognates is Du. scheurbuik, or rather its older forms with a dental in the suffix, as in scorbutus (Du. scheur, ‘rift, cleft,’ but, ‘bone’); ModDu. scheurbuik is also very probably a corruption, the word being connected with buik, ‘belly.’

scharf, adj., ‘sharp, acrid, acute,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. scharf, scharpf; in the same sense occur the corresponding forms OSax. scarp, Du. scherp, AS. sčearp, E. sharp, OIc. skarpr; Goth. *skarpa- is by chance not recorded. In the sense of ‘sharp, cutting,’ the following are also allied: — OHG. scrëvôn, ‘to cut in,’ OHG. scarbôn, MidHG. and ModHG. scharben, ‘to cut in pieces,’ as well as AS. sčeorfan, ‘to tear off’ (see schürfen), MidHG. schrapfe (Goth. *skrappô), ‘tool for scratching,’ E. to scrape; yet the final labials present a difficulty. OHG. and MidHG. sarpf, as an equiv. variant of scharf, is abnormal, so too OIc. snarpr, ‘sharp.’ From Teut. are derived Fr. escarper, ‘to cut steep down, escarp,’ escarpe, ‘slope,’ Ital. scarpa, ‘slope; locksmith's chisel.’ In the non-Teut. languages Gr. ἅρπη, ‘sickle,’ OSlov. srŭpŭ, ‘sickle,’ are allied to OHG. sarf, though, of course, this does not explain the form scharf, Goth. *skarpa-, which is perhaps connected with the Teut. root skrap (skrab, skrb), ‘to slit, cut in’ (see schröpfen).

Scharlach, m., ‘scarlet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. scharlach, scharlachen, n., which is, as is shown by Du. scharlaken, a corruption of MidHG. scharlât, the word being thus connected with Laken (MidHG. lachen, ‘cloth’); scharlât (comp. E. scarlet, MidE. scarlat) is formed from OFr. escarlate (ModFr. écarlate), ‘scarlet stuff.’ Comp. MidLat. scarlatum, Ital. scarlatto. The ultimate source of the word is Oriental; comp. Pers. sakirlât (Turk. iskerlet).

Scharlei, m., ‘sage’ (bot.), from MidHG. scharleie, f., ‘borrago, clary’; of uncertain origin, which the equiv. Ital. schiarea, MidLat. sclareia, scarleia, are not able to elucidate.

Scharmützel, n., ‘skirmish,’ from the equiv. MidHG. scharmützel, scharmutzel, m., which, like Du. schermutseling, are derived from Ital. scarmuccia (Fr. escarmouche), ‘skirmish,’ which again comes from Ital. schermire, ‘to fight.’ The ultimate origin of the word is OHG. and MidHG. schirmen, ‘to fight.’ Comp. further E. skirmish.

Schärpe, f., ‘scarf, sash,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Fr. écharpe, of which the OFr. form escharpe, ‘wallet hung round the neck of a pilgrim,’ is derived, like Ital. sciarpa, ‘scarf, girdle,’ from late OHG. scharpe, ‘pocket.’ Note Bav. Schärpfen.

Scharreisen, n., ‘scraper,’ from the equiv. MidHG. scherre, OHG. scërra, f., under the influence of scharren.

scharren, vb., ‘to scrape, scratch,’ from the equiv. MidHG. scharren, a graded form of the MidHG. vb. schërren, OHG. scërran, whence ModFr. déchirer, OFr. eschirer, ‘to tear to pieces,’ is borrowed.

Scharte, f., ‘notch,’ from MidHG. scharte, f., ‘an opening or indentation made by cutting, hewing, or fracture; notch, wound’; comp. Du. schaard, ‘notch, potsherd.’ Allied to MidHG. schart, adj., ‘hewn to pieces, full of notches, wounded,’ OHG. scart, AS. sceard, E. sherd, OIc. skarðr, which were orig. da- (to-), partics. of scheren. MidHG. scharte, OHG. scartîsan, ‘skillet, pan,’ must, like their ModHG. corresponding forms, be kept apart from these cognates on account of their meaning, since they are derived from skardhâ (not from skarta), as is proved by OSlov. skvrada, skrada, ‘skillet, pan, hearth.’

Scharteke, f., ‘worthless book, trash,’ ModHG. only; prop. ‘waste book’; formed from Ital. scartata, ‘refuse.’

scharwenzeln, vb., ‘to bow and scrape, be obsequious, fawn’; it is uncertain whether the word is derived from Fr. servant, ‘servant.’

Schatten, m., ‘shade, shadow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schate, m. (rarely f.), OHG. scato (gen. -awes), m.; corresponding to Goth. skadus, AS. sčeadu, E. shade, shadow, Du. schaduw, OSax. skado, ‘shadow.’ Perhaps Gr. σκότος, ‘darkness,’ is allied; OIr. scáth, scáil, ‘shadow,’ are, however, more closely akin. For another OTeut. word for ‘shadow,’ see under schauen.

Schatz, m., ‘treasure, store; sweetheart,’ from MidHG. schaz (gen. -tzes), OHG. scaz, m.; its chief senses down to the 13th cent. are ‘money, property, wealth,’ and only later ‘valuables stored up’; OHG. scaz, m., is only ‘money, a definite coin.’ Comp. Goth. skatts, ‘coin, money,’ OIc. skattr, ‘tax, tribute,’ AS. sčęatt, ‘a certain small coin, money, property,’ OFris. sket, ‘money, cattle,’ OSax. scat, ‘piece of money, property.’ The early history of the cognates is unfortunately too obscure; opinions are divided whether the Teut. word shatta- is derived from OSlov. skotŭ, ‘cattle,’ or whether the latter comes from Teut. The variation in meaning, ‘cattle’ and ‘money,’ is analogous to Lat. pecunia from pecus, E. fee from AS. feoh, ‘cattle’ (see Vieh); in bartering, cattle played the part of money. Yet we cannot prove that the prim. meaning of OTeut. *skatta-, ‘money, coin,’ is ‘cattle.’ On the other land, the assumption that the word is primit. allied to Gr. σχέδη, ‘board, tablet,’ is certainly not satisfactory on account of the meanings of the Teut. words.

Schaub, m., ‘bundle or truss of straw, sheaf,’ from MidHG. schoup (gen. -bes), m., ‘bundle, truss of straw, wisp of straw,’ OHG. scoub, m., ‘sheaf, truss of straw’; comp. Du. schoof, AS. sčeáf, E. sheaf, OIc. skauf, ‘sheaf’; allied to schieben. Hence Schaub is lit. ‘what is gathered together’; akin further to Schober.

schaudern, vb., ‘to shudder, shiver,’ ModHG. only, from LG. schuddern; comp. Du. schudden, ‘to quake, tremble’; MidE. schudderen, E. to shudder. Schütten is of a cognate stem, and, like the words of this class, is based on a Teut. root skud, ‘to be shaken’; allied to OHG. scutisôn, ‘to shudder,’ scutisôd, ‘quaking, trembling.’ The assumption that Schauder is connected, like Schauer, with MidHG. schûr is not warranted, because the MidHG. word does not mean ‘shudder.’ See Schutt.

schauen, vb., ‘to look at, gaze,’ from MidHG. schouwen, OHG. scouwôn, ‘to see, look at, contemplate’; comp. OSax. scauwôn, Du. schouwen, AS. sceáwian, ‘to look at’ (whence E. to show); Goth. *skaggwôn is wanting, to this usskawjan, ‘to restore to consciousness.’ From the root skau, skū̆, ‘to see’ (see schön), are also derived Goth. skuggwa, m., ‘mirror,’ OHG. scû-char, ‘mirror,’ further OHG. scûwo, AS. scûa, OIc. skugge, m., ‘shadow’ (see Spiegel); also OIc. skygna (Goth. *skuggwinôn), ‘to spy,’ skyn, n. and f., ‘perceiving,’ skoða, ‘to spy.’ In the non-Teut. languages, Sans. kavis, ‘sage, poet,’ Lat. cavere, ‘to beware,’ Gr. κοέω, ‘I mark,’ OSlov. čują, čuti, ‘to be sensible of, feel, perceive,’ are also connected with the root skū̆, skau, or rather kū̆, kau.

Schauer (1.), m., ‘penthouse, shed’; see Scheuer.

Schauer (2.), m., ‘shower,’ from MidHG. schûr, OHG. scâr, m., ‘storm, hail’; comp. OSax. skûr, m., ‘weather, shower,’ Du. schoer, ‘pouring rain,’ AS. sčûr, E. shower, and the equiv. OIc. skúr; Goth. only skura windis, ‘gale.’ Origin obscure.

Schaufel, f., ‘shovel,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schûvel, OHG. scûvala, f., pointing to Goth. *skûfla (skûbla). The forms of the other Teut. languages point to Goth. *skŭbla, f.; comp. Du. schoffel, f., ‘shovel,’ AS. sčęofl, f., E. shovel. Allied to the root skûb (skûf?) in schieben; hence Schaufel is lit. ‘a tool on which something is put to be thrown away.’ For the change of ŭ to û comp. Sohn and laut.

Schaukel, f., ‘swing,’ ModHG. only, derived, however, under LG. influence, from MidHG. schoc (gen. -ckes), m., and schoke, f.; comp. LG. schuckel, f., ‘swing’; MidHG. schoc, OHG. scoc, ‘rocking motion’ (whence Fr. choc, ‘shock’). In East Thuringian ‘swing’ is Schunkel, in Suabian Gautsche, in Swiss Gireitz, Gigereitze.

Schaum, m., ‘foam, froth, scum,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schûm, OHG. scûm, m,; corresponding; to Du. schuim, OIc. skúm, ‘foam’ (whence E. scum). The other dials. have a different word; comp. AS. fám, E. foam, under Feim. It is questionable whether Lat. spuma, ‘foam’ (with p for k, comp. lupus with λύκος?), is connected with the Teut. cognates. Schaum is usually connected with the root skû, ‘to cover,’ appearing in Scheuer; hence it means lit. ‘covering, that which covers.’ From Teut. are derived Ital. schiuma, Fr. écume, ‘foam.’

Schaute, see Schote.

scheckig, adj., ‘dappled, spotted, pied,’ from MidHG. (rare) schëcke, ‘striped, spotted,’ to which are also allied MidHG. schëcken, ‘to make of various colours,’ schëckëht, ‘spotted,’ also MidHG. schëcke, ‘a closely-fitting striped coat,’ AS. sciccels, ‘coat.’ It is, on the other hand, assumed that the word is borrowed from Fr. échec, ‘check’ (Ital. a scacchi); comp. E. checky.

Scheebe, see Schieber.

scheel, adj., ‘oblique, awry,’ from MidHG. schël, schëlch (gen. schëlhes, schëlwes), OHG. scëlah (gen. scëlhes, scëlawes), adj., ‘awry, squinting, athwart, oblique, crooked’; comp. Du. scheel, AS. sčeolh, OIc. skjalgr, ‘awry, squinting’ (Goth. *skilhwa-, or rather *skilwa-, *skilga-, is by chance not recorded). Pre-Teut. *skelko-, skëlqo-, must be assumed; hence Gr. σκολιός, ‘aslant, awry,’ is not quite adequate to explain phonetically the Teut. forms; perhaps both the Teut. and Gr. terms are based on a root skel.

Scheffel, m., ‘bushel,’ from MidHG. schęffel, OHG. scęffil, m., ‘bushel, corn measure’; comp. the equiv. OSax. scępil, Du. schepel (see also Wispel). Allied to OSax. skap, n., ‘vessel, cask,’ OHG. scaf, MidHG. schaf (see Schaff), ‘vessel for holding liquids’; in Bav., šaffl, n., is a dimin. of the equiv. šaff. The assumption that the word was borrowed from Lat. scaphium (Gr. σκάφιον), ‘drinking vessel,’ is not satisfactory; MidLat. scaphum, scapellus (Ital. scaffale, ‘bookshelves’), are only imitations of the G. words. Perhaps the terms are primit. G.; comp. also OIc. skeppa, ‘bushel’; also the root skap, ‘to contain,’ under schöpfen.

Scheibe, f., ‘slice, pane, wafer,’ from MidHG. schîbe, OHG. scîba, f., ‘pane, ball, wheel’; corresponding to OLG. scîva, ‘sphaera,’ Du. schijf, ‘slice,’ MidE. schîve, ‘circle, slice’ (E. shive, sheave), Ic. skífa, f., ‘shaving, slice.’ Teut. skîbô-, from pre-Teut. skîpã-, is most closely related to Gr. σκοῖπος, ‘potter's wheel,’ with which Gr. σκΐπων, ‘staff,’ is usually connected. ModHG. Schiefer is scarcely allied.

Scheide, f., ‘sheath,’ from MidHG. scheide, OHG. sceida, f., ‘scabbard’; comp. OSax. scéðia, f., Du. scheede, f., AS. sčœ̂ð, f., E. sheath, OIc. skeiðer (plur.), ‘sheath’; Goth. *skaiþi (from skaitî), f., ‘sheath,’ is wanting (the term used being fôdr, n., ‘sheath,’ see Futteral). Allied to scheiden, hence lit. ‘separation, the separating covering’?. ModHG. Scheide, ‘separation, parting,’ is the same word; comp. MidHG. scheide, f., ‘separation, severing, departure, distinction, boundary’; OHG. sceida.

scheiden, vb., ‘to separate, divide; depart,’ from MidHG. scheiden, OHG. sceidan, str. vb., ‘to separate, sever; decide, adjust, appoint.’ For the expected Goth. *skaiþan (comp. OSax. skêðan, ‘to separate,’ OFris. skêtha) occurs skaidan with grammatical change; comp. AS. sčęâdan, ‘to separate,’ whence E. shed. The Teut. root skaiþ, the dental form of which may be inferred from ModHG. Scheide, f., is based on Aryan skhait, of which skhaid and skhid are parallel forms; comp. Gr. σχίζω, ‘I split,’ σχίζα (see Scheit; Sans. chid, ‘to split,’ Lat. scindo (also caedo?), Lith. skědżu, ‘I separate.’ See further gescheit and scheißen.

Schein, m., ‘shining, sheen, semblance, appearance,’ from MidHG. schîn, OHG. scîn, m., ‘lustre, shining, brightness, clearness,’ late MidHG., also ‘evidence, testimony, appearance’; comp. OSax. skîn, m., ‘lustre,’ Du. schijn, AS. sčîn, ‘ghost.’ An abstract of scheinen, vb., from MidHG. schînen, OHG. scînan, ‘to glitter, appear; show oneself’; comp. the equiv. OSax. scînan, Du. schijnen, AS. sčînan, E. to shine, OIc. skína, Goth. skeinan. The Teut. root skî, whence skînan, str. vb., is formed with a present suffix na-, appears with a suffix m in schimmern. Akin probably to Gr. σκιὰ, ‘shadow,’ see Schemen; also Gr. σκίρον, ‘parasol’?. See schier.

scheißen, vb., ‘to go to stool, excrete,’ from MidHG. schîȥen, OHG. scîȥan; corresponding to the equiv. Du. schijten, AS. sčîtan, E. to shit, OIc. skíta. The common Teut. root skī̆t, ‘to excrete,’ is probably connected with the Aryan skhī̆d, discussed under scheiden; its lit. meaning is perhaps ‘to dissever’?. From the Teut. cognates are derived Ital. (dial.) scito, ‘excrement,’ and OFr. eschiter.

Scheit, n., ‘log, billet, fragment,’ from MidHG. schît, OHG. scît, n., ‘log of wood’; corresponding to the equiv. OFris. skîd, AS. sčîde, E. shide, OIc. skið. The root is the Aryan form skhait, skhī̆t, discussed under scheiden, the prim. meaning of which, ‘to split,’ appears still in ModHG. Scheit; comp. Gr. σχίζα (from *ἔσχίδja), ‘splinter,’ Lith. skëdrà, Lett. skaida, ‘chip,’ from the root skhit (see scheiden). —

Scheiterhaufen, ‘funeral pile,’ ModHG. only, formed from MidHG. schîter, plur. of schît. —

scheitern, ‘to go to pieces, be wrecked,’ ModHG. only, from MidHG. schît plur. schîter.

Scheffel, m., ‘crown (of the head), vertex,’ from MidHG. scheitel, OHG. sceitila, f., ‘vertex, crown, parting of the hair from the crown to the forehead'; corresponding to Du. (haar) scheel, MidLG. schédel. Allied to scheiden; lit. ‘part of the head where the hairs separate, i.e., where they are parted to either side.’ Akin to AS. sčęâda, ‘crown,’ E. to shed.

Schellack, m., ‘shellac,’ ModHG. only, from the equiv. LG. and Du. schellak; comp. E. shellac; lit. ‘scale lac, lac thin like scales.’

Schelle, f., ‘small bell,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schëlle, OHG. schëlla, f.; allied to MidHG. schëllen, OHG. scëllan, ‘to sound loudly, resound,’ to which Ital. squilla, ‘little bell,’ is also akin. — ModHG. and MidHG. schellen, lit. ‘to cause to resound,’ is the factitive form. Comp. verschollen, ‘vanished,’ as a relic of the MidHG. str. verb.

Schellfisch, m., ‘codfish, haddock,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. and Du. schelvisch; allied to Du. schel, ‘shell,’ E. shell; so called “because the cod lives chiefly on shellfish”?. See Schale.

Schellhengst, m., ‘stallion,’ an explanatory compound for the equiv. MidHG. schële, OHG. scëlo, m.; see beschälen.

Schellkraut, n., ‘swallow-wort, celandine,’ from MidHG. shëlkrut, -wurz; probably an abbreviation and corruption of the equiv. MidLat. chelidonia (ch pronounced as in the corresponding Fr. chélidoine); comp. Gr. χελιδόνιον, ‘celandine.’

Schelm, m., ‘rogue, knave, villain,’ from MidHG. schęlme, m., ‘pest, plague; those who have fallen in battle,’ then, as an abusive term, ‘wretch, seducer,’ OHG. scalmo, scęlmo, ‘plague.’ In MidDu. and MidLG. schelm has the old sense of ‘carrion, cadaver,’ so too in Bav. For the development of the meaning ‘rogue’ from ‘wretch,’ comp. Schalf, which has also acquired a milder signification. From the ModHG. word are derived Du. schelm and Ic. skelmir, ‘rogue.’

schelten, vb., ‘to reprove, revile,’ from MidHG. schëlten, OHG. scëltan, str. vb., ‘to reprove, abuse, insult’; comp. MidLG. and Du. schelden, OFris. skelda, ‘to reprove.’ Akin to the cognates discussed under schalten; ‘to push’ is the prim. meaning of schelten.

Schemel, m., ‘stool, footstool,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schęmel, schamel (schâmel?), m.; OHG. scamal (scâmal?), m., which, like OSax. fôtscamel, ‘footstool,’ and AS. sčęǫmul (espec. fôt-sčęǫmul), m., is derived from Lat. scamellum. Du. schabel, ‘stool,’ as well as the equiv. Rom. terms, Fr. escabelle, escabeau, and Ital. sgabello, is based on Lat. scabellum; hence in MidRhen. Schawéll, Schabéll.

Schemen, m., ‘phantom,’ from MidHG. schëme, m., ‘shadow,’(MidG.) schime; comp. AS. sčī̆ma, OSax. scī̆mo. Allied to the root skī̆, ‘to glitter,’ discussed under scheinen, with which Gr. σκιά, ‘shadow,’ with the same evolution in meaning, is also connected; see Schimmer and Schönbartspiel.

Schenk, m., ‘publican, cupbearer,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schęnke, OHG. scęncho (OSax. scęnkio), m., ‘cupbearer.’ From Teut. is derived Fr. échanson (OFr. eschançon, MidLat. scancionem). —

schenken, vb., ‘to pour out for drinking, bestow, give,’ from MidHG. schęnken, ‘to pour in, give to drink, water, make a present of, give’; OHG. scęnchen, ‘to pour in, give to drink.’ The meaning ‘to give’ first appears in the post-classical times of MidHG. ‘To pour in, give to drink,’ is the prim. meaning; it is characteristic of G. that the sense ‘to give,’ could be developed from this (similarly ModHG. gefallen attests the importance of dice-playing in Teut. life; comp. also zechen). The prim. meaning appears in AS. sčęnčan, OFris. skenka, OIc. skenkja; from Teut. is also formed OFr. escancer, ‘to pour in.’ Goth. *skagkjan is wanting. Some etymologists regard the common Teut. vb. as a derivative of AS. sčęonc, sčę́onca, ‘shank,’ assuming that shanks were used as taps in the earliest times; hence schenken would mean lit. ‘to put the tap in a cask.’ See the next word.

Schenkel, m., ‘thigh, shank,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schęnkel, m.; comp. Du. schenkel; unknown to OHG. as well as to the other OTeut. dials. A dimin. of AS. sčę́onca (see schenken), E. shank, which is further connected with ModHG. Schinken; comp. also Du. schonk, ‘bones in meat,’ Swed. skånk, Dan. skank.

schenken, see Schenk.

Scherbe, f., ‘fragment, sherd, flowerpot,’ from MidHG. schërbe, schirbe, OHG. scirbi, f. and n., ‘sherd, fragment, earthenware pot’; comp. Du. scherf, f., ‘sherd’; a derivative of pre-Teut. skerpo-; comp. OSlov. črěpŭ, ‘sherd,’ Lett. schkirpta, ‘notch,’ schkérpele, ‘splinter of wood.’ Akin to Scherflein?.

Schere (1.), f., ‘scissors, shears,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schœre, f., which is probably plur., OHG. scârî, plur. of skar and skâra, ‘shears’; with regard to the plur. comp. Ital. cesoje and forbici, plur., Fr. ciseaux, equiv. to E. scissors. In Sans. the word was of course dual; comp. bhuríjâ (Rig-Veda), dual ‘shears.’ Comp. Du. schaar, MidE. schêre, E. shears (plur.), and the equiv. OIc. skœ́re, neut. plur. See scheren.

Schere (2.), f., ‘rock, reef,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Swed. skär (Dan. skjœr), n.; comp. OIc. sker, ‘cliff.’

scheren, vb., ‘to shear, fleece, molest,’ from MidHG. schërn, OHG. scëran, ‘to shear, cut off’; comp. Du. scheren, AS. sčëran, ‘to shear, cut or hew to pieces,’ E. to shear, OIc. skera, ‘to cut, shear, slaughter.’ The prim. meaning of the root sker contained in these vbs. is ‘to cut or hew to pieces’ (comp. Lith. skírti, ‘to sever,’ skarà, ‘rag’), as is shown by the OTeut. skarda-, ‘hewn or cut to pieces,’ which originated in skṛ-tó- (see Scharte). Yet the meaning ‘to shear’ is very old; comp. the derivative Schere. The root sker (whence Sans. kšurás, ‘razor’?) appears in Gr. as ker in κείρω, ‘I shear.’

Scherflein, n., ‘mite’ (coin), from the MidHG. schërf, OHG. scërf, n., ‘mite, very small coin’; comp. MidLG. scharf, schërf, ‘one-seventeenth of a penny’; allied to AS. sčeorfan, ‘to tear off’?. Comp. for a similar development of meaning ModHG. Deut, as well as Gr. κέρμα, lit. ‘part cut off,’ then ‘small coin.’ Scherbe is scarcely allied.

Scherge, m., ‘beadle, sergeant,’ from MidHG. schęrge, schęrje, m. (for the change of rg to rj, ModHG. rg, see Ferge ‘usher (of a court), bailiff, beadle’ OHG. scęrjo, scario, scaro, ‘captain, leader of a troop’; a derivative of Schar.

Scherz, m., ‘joke, jest,’ from MidHG. schërz, m., ‘pleasure, play’; allied to ModHG. scherzen, vb., from MidHG. schërzen, ‘to cut capers, hop, amuse oneself’; comp. MidHG. scharz, ‘leap.’ These cognates, which are found neither in the MidHG. classical writers, in OHG., nor in OTeut. generally, are met with, however, in Ital. scherzare, ‘to jest,’ borrowed from G.

Scheu, f., ‘shyness, reserve, timidity,’ from MidHG. schiuhe, f., ‘shyness, horror,’ also ‘bugbear, scarecrow,’ whence ModHG. Scheuche. Allied to scheuen, scheuchen, vb., from MidHG. schiahen, ‘to be shy of, avoid, scare or chase away,’ OHG. sciuhen. Both the noun and vb. are derivatives of MidHG. schiech, OHG. *scioh, ‘shy, bashful.’ ModHG. scheu, adj., is based anew on the vb.; comp. AS. sčeóh, ‘timid,’ to which E. shy is allied; Du. schuw, ‘timid, shy.’ From the G. cognates Ital. schivare, ‘to avoid,’ is derived. See Scheusal.

Scheuer, f. (in Bav. and East Suab. Stadel), ‘barn, shed,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schiure, OHG. sciura, f.; a derivative of OHG. scûr, MidHG. schûr, ‘penthouse, protection,’ ModHG. (dial.) Schauer. Comp. OIc. skjól, n., ‘place of refuge, shelter,’ skaunn, m., ‘shield.’ The Aryan root, skū̆, ‘to cover, protect’ (comp. Schaum), contained in these words, is widely diffused; comp. Lat. scûtum, ‘shield,’ Gr. σκῦ-λον, ‘armour,’ Lat. ob-scûr-rus, ‘dark’ (covered), and the Sans. root sku ‘to cover.’ See Scheune and Schote.

scheuern, vb. ‘to scour, rub,’ early ModHG. (unknown to UpG., the term used being fegen), formed from MidG. and LG. schüren; comp. Du. schuren (MidE. scouren, E. to scour, borrowed from Du.?), Dan. skure, Swed. skura. Although the word is wanting iu the OTeut. dials., it need not be regarded as borrowed from MidLat. scurare (Lat. ex-curare), Ital. scurare, Fr. écurer, ‘to scour.’

Scheune, f. (unknown to UpG.), ‘barn, shed,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schiune, f., which is derived by the loss of the g (equal to j?) from OHG. scugin, scugina, ‘barn.’ If the g is equal to j, Scheuer (MidHG. schiure) is closely allied. If this is not the case, No certain connecting link has been discovered.

Scheusal, n., ‘object of horror, monster,’ a derivative of scheu, like late MidHG. schûsel, ‘monster, scarecrow.’ To this is allied ModHG. scheußlich, corrupted from MidHG. schiuzlich, ‘shy, despairing,’ which is connected with schiuzen, ‘to feel horror,’ from *schiuhezen (allied to scheuen, MidHG. schiuhen).

Schicht. f., ‘layer, stratum, day's work,’ from MidHG. schiht, f., ‘history, affair, accident, arrangement, division, row of things laid on one another, layer, beds of soil, day's work (in mines)’; allied to (ge)schehen; see Geschichte.

schicken, vb., ‘to bring about, send, despatch,’ from MidHG. schicken, ‘to bring about, do, create, prepare, set going, depute, send.’ This vb., undoubtedly a primit. form, which is wanting in OHG. and the OTeut. dials. generally, seems, like Goth. skêwjan and OIc. skœ́va, ‘to go,’ to be connected with a primit. Teut. root skē̆hw (skē̆w) from pre-Teut. skē̆q (to which OIr. scuchim, ‘I go away,’ from skok? is allied). Akin to late MidHG. schic, m., ‘method,’ and shicklich, which first occurs in ModHG.; see geschickt. These specifically G. cognates, which passed into Du., Fris., and Scand., are wanting in OHG. until the 12th cent.; on account of their formation, however, they must be very old; OHG. *scicchen, Goth. *skikkjan. Allied to (ge)schehen. Deriv. Schicksal.

Schicksel, n., ‘young girl,’ ModHG. only, formed from Hebr. and Jew. schickzah, ‘Christian girl,’ Hebr. schikkûz, lit. ‘abomination.’

schieben, vb., ‘to shove, push,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schieben, OHG. scioban; comp. Goth. af-skiuban, ‘to thrust away,’ OIc. skúfa, skýfa, ‘to push,’ AS. sčûfan, ‘to shove, push,’ E. to shove. The root skū̆b, ‘to shove’ (from pre-Teut. skū̆p), which appears also in Schaufel, Schober, and Schüppe, corresponds to the Sans. root chup, ‘to touch,’ with which Lith. skubrùs, skubùs, ‘quick,’ and skùbti, ‘to make haste’ (Aryan rout skub), and OSlov. skubąti, ‘to pluck,’ are also probably allied. See Schupf.

Schiedsrichter, m., ‘arbiter,’ ModHG. only, in MidHG. schideman; allied to MidHG. schit (gen. schides), ‘judicial decision,’ akin to OHG. scidôn, ‘to separate, distinguish, decide.’ The Teut. root skiþ is connected with scheiden.

schief, adj., ‘oblique, awry. sloping,’ a MidG. and LG. word; MidHG. and MidG. schief, ‘awry, distorted’; cognate with AS. sčâb, OIc. skeifr, ‘awry,’ North Fris. skiaf, Du. scheef, ‘awry’ (whence E. skew is borrowed), Schmalkald. šeip. HG. dials. also imply a MidHG. schëp (pp), ‘awry’; Hess. and Franc. šëp, Suab. šeps. Besides these primit. Teut. cognates skibb, skaib (whence Lett. schkîbs, ‘awry,’ is borrowed), UpG. has skieg, which is represented by MidHG. ‘schiec, ‘awry,’ Bav. and Alem. šiegen, šieggen, ‘to waddle’ (respecting the ie see Stiege and Wiege). They are all connected, like Gr. σκίμπτω, ‘to bend,’ with an Aryan root skī̆q, skaiq.

Schiefer, m., ‘slate, shist,’ from MidHG. schiver, schivere, m., ‘splinter of stone, and espec. of wood,’ OHG. scivaro, ‘splinter of stone’; the modern meaning is ModHG. only (in UpG. the prim. meaning ‘stone splinter’ has been preserved). Goth. *skifra, m., is wanting. Allied to ModHG. Schebe, f., ‘chaff, boon’ (of flax or hemp), which is derived from LG.; comp. E. shive (AS. *sčîfa); MidE. schivere (AS. *sčifera), E. shiver. These are derivatives of a Teut. root skī̆f, ‘to divide, distribute’; comp. AS. sčiftan, ‘to divide,’ E. to shift, OIc. skipta, ‘to divide’ (OIc. scífa, ‘to cut in pieces'; allied to Scheibe? or to this word?), Du. schiften, ‘to separate, sever.’ Schiefer and Schebe are lit. ‘fragment, part.’

schielen, vb., ‘to squint, leer,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schilen, schilhen, allied to schel.

Schienbein, n., ‘shin-bone,’ from MidHG. schinebein, n., allied to MidHG. schine, OHG. scina, f., ‘shin-bone’; comp. AS. sčinu, f., E. shin (also AS. sčinebân, MidE. schinebône); Du. scheen and scheenbeen, ‘shin-bone.’ Bein in this compound has preserved its older meaning of ‘bone’; see Bein. Scarcely allied to Schiene and Schinken, for the secondary meaning of ModHG. Schiene (MidHG. schine), ‘narrow wood or metal plate, strip,’ as well as OHG. scina, ‘needle,’ points to a Goth. *skinô, f., ‘narrow piece of bone or metal.’ Of the primit. history of the cognates it can only be said, however, that by inference from AS. scîœ, sceó, ‘shin,’ the root must be skī̆. From Teut. are derived Ital. schiniera, ‘greaves for a horse,’ and probably also Ital. schiena, Fr. échine, ‘spine,’ with their Rom. cognates.

Schiene, f., see Schienbein.

schier, adj., ‘clear, pure, simple, sheer,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) schîr, ‘mere, pure, glittering’; comp. OSax. skîr, skîri, AS. scîr, ‘pure, glittering,’ E. shere, sheer, OIc. skírr, Goth. skeirs, ‘clear, manifest’; a derivative of the root skî, ‘to shine, glitter.’ In ModHG. this adj. has been confused in sound with the following adv., yet the ModHG. form may be also of LG. origin. See scheinen.

schier, adv., ‘almost,’ from MidHG. schiere, adv., ‘quickly, soon,’ OHG. sciaro, older skêro, adv., ‘quickly’; allied to OHG. sciari, scêri, adj., ‘sagacious, zealous in tracing out’; comp. Du. schier, ‘almost’ (OIc. skýrr, skœ́rr, ‘bright, clear’).

Schier, n., ‘lawn, veil,’ ModHG. only, borrowed from LG.; prop. the neut. of the adj. schier.

Schierling, m., ‘hemlock,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schirlinc, schęrlinc (gen. -ges), OHG. scęriling; comp. Du. scheerling. Derived, like the variants MidHG. schęrninc, OHG. and OLG. scęrning, ‘hemlock,’ from the equiv. OHG. scarno, m.; the l of the OHG., MidHG., and ModHG. forms is due to the current G. suffix -ling. The term is unknown to the other OTeut. dials. (in AS. hymlic, hemleác occur, E. hemlock).

schießen, vb., ‘to shoot,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schieȥen, OHG. scioȥan; the corresponding vb. occurs in the same sense in all the OTeut. dials.; comp. OSax. skeotan (Du. schieten), AS. sčeótan (E. to shoot), OIc. skjóta, Goth. (by chance not recorded) *skiutan. The root skut, ‘to shoot,’ from pre-Teut. skud, is widely diffused in Teut., and corresponds to the Sans. root kšud, ‘to shatter, excite,’ or better with Sans. skund, ‘to leap forth.’ For derivatives see Schoß, Schuß, Schutz, and Schütze.

Schiff, n., ‘ship,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schif, OHG. scif, scëf (gen. -ffes), n.; a common Teut. term; comp. Goth. and OIc. skip, n., AS. sčip, n., E. ship, Du. schip, OSax. scip. The OHG. word also signifies ‘vessel,’ being rendered in a gloss as equiv. to its derivative OHG. sciphî, ‘phiala’ (comp. Kahn; E. vessel in its double sense, borrowed from Fr. vaisseau, ‘vessel (a utensil), ship,’ Gr. σκαφίς, ‘bowl, skiff’). The Gr. term with σκάφος, ‘boat, ship,’ cannot be allied to the Teut. word, since the latter implies an Aryan i in the stem syllable. No certain etymological explanation can be given of Teut. skipa-; the suspicion that the word was borrowed at a primit. period may not be unfounded, for there are only a very few nautical words possessed in common by several Aryan languages (comp. Mast). From OHG. the word passed into Rom.; comp. Ital. schifo, Fr. esquif, ‘boat,’ to which is allied OFr. esquiper, ‘to equip a ship,’ with a LG. p, ModFr. équiper, ‘to equip, endow,’ which passed again into Teut.

Schild (1.), m., ‘shield, coat of arms,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schilt, OHG. scilt, m.; a common Teut. term; comp. Goth. skildus, m., OIc. skjǫldr, AS. scyld, E. shield, Du. schild, OSax. scild. The word first signified ‘signboard’ in early ModHG. The specifically Teut. term skildu-s (from skeldhus, skeltús?) cannot be traced farther back; it can scarcely be related to schallen (Schild, lit. ‘that which gives a loud sound or resounds’?).

Schild (2.), n., ‘signboard,’ ModHG. only, a variant of the foregoing; hence Schilder- (neut. stem) in compounds such as Schilderhaus, ‘sentry-box.’

schildern, vb., ‘to paint, depict, describe,’ allied to MidHG. schilt, ‘coat of arms’; comp. MidHG. schiltœre, m., ‘artist’; the shields were orig. painted in the MidHG. age of chivalry with coats of arms, and even, according to Tacitus, Germ. vi. (“scuta lectissimis coloribus distinguunt”), in the OTeut. heroic period. Comp. Du. schilderen, ‘to paint, depict, describe.’

Schildpatt, n., ‘tortoise-shell,’ ModHG. only, from LG. and Du. schildpad, ‘tortoise’ and ‘tortoise-shell.’ The early history of Du. padde, ‘toad,’ E. puddock and OIc. padda, ‘toad,’ is obscure.

Schilf, n., ‘rush, bulrush, reed,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schilf, OHG. sciluf (m. and n.?); unknown to the other Teut. dials.; perhaps it is an early loan-word from Lat. scirpus, ‘rush,’ to which it cannot be primit. allied. Others, regarding Schilf as a genuine Teut. word, connect it with OHG. sceliva, MidHG. schelfe, ‘bowl of fruit and pulse.’

Schillern, vb., ‘to change or vary in colour,’ ModHG. only, a derivative of MidHG. schillen, a variant of schilen, ‘to squint, blink.’

Schilling, m. ‘shilling, money,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schilling, OHG. scilling, m., a common Teut. term for a coin; comp. Goth. skilliggs, OIc. skillingr, AS. sčilling, E. shilling, Du. schelling, OSax. scilling. Formed from OTeut. skellan, ‘to sound,’ with the suffix -inga-, a favourite termination in OG. names of coins (see Pfenning, OHG. cheisuring, E. farthing); hence Schilling is lit. ‘ringing coin.’ From Teut. are derived Ital. scellino and Fr. escalin, a coin worth about sixpence, as well as the equiv. OSlov. sklęzǐ.

Schimmel, m., ‘mould,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schimel, m., for an older *schimbel, OHG. *scimbal, which may be inferred from the OHG. derivatives *scimbalên, ‘to get mouldy,’ scimbalag, ‘mouldy.’ The MidHG. form is due to a confusion with schîme, m., ‘glimmer’; comp. Du. schimmelen. OHG. *scimbal has no corresponding form in the other Teut. dials. —

Schimmel, m., ‘white horse,’ late MidHG., identical with Schimmel, ‘mucus.’

Schimmer, m., ‘glimmer,’ early ModHG., formed from LG. and Du. schemeren, ‘to glimmer, gleam.’ This is connected, like MidHG. schîme, ‘glimmer, lustre,’ OHG. scîmo, Goth. skeima, ‘light, lamp,’ with the root skī̆, ‘to shine, glitter’; comp. MidE. schimeren, ‘to shimmer,’ E. shimmer, E. shim, ‘white spot,’ Swed. skimra (see Schemen).

Schimpf, m., ‘insult, abuse, affront,’ from MidHG. schimpf (parallel form schampf), m., ‘jest, pastime, play, tournament.’ The current meaning first appeared in early ModHG.; yet the older sense ‘jest,’ which belongs to OHG. scimpf, MidHG. schimpf, was retained till the 17th cent. (Logau); comp. Du. schimp, ‘scorn, mockery,’ MidHG. schumpfe, f., ‘paramour’ (lit. ‘she who jests’). The root skimp, ‘to jest,’ which appears in OHG. scimpf, is wanting in the other Teut. dials. It has been connected with Gr. σκώπτω, ‘to jest, deride,’ which, with its double meaning, certainly furnishes an analogy for MidHG. Schimpf.

Schindel. f., ‘shingle, splint,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schindel, OHG. scintila, f., formed from MidLat. scindula, scandula, ‘shingle,’ the sound of which was perhaps influenced by Gr. σχινδαλμύς. The word was borrowed from MidLat. about the 6th cent., contemporaneously with Ziegel, Mauer, &c. The MidE. form schingel, E. shingle, is peculiar. The Rom. languages preserve the a- form, Lat. scandula; comp. Ital. (dial.) scandola and Fr. échandole.

Schinden, vb., ‘to skin, flay,’ from MidHG. schinden, ‘to skin, peel, ill-treat severely,’ OHG. scintan; a denominative from a lost OHG. *scind, n., ‘hide, skin,’ which may be assumed in OHG. from OIc. skinn (see Schinne), n., ‘skin, hide, fur, leather.’ E. skin, from MidE. skinne (AS. scinn), is borrowed from Scand., since AS. sci, sči, must have become shi in ModE. Goth. *skinþa-, from pre-Teut. skénto-, has not yet been found in the non-Teut. languages.

Schinken, m., ‘ham,’ from MidHG. schinke, m., ‘thigh, ham,’ OHG. scincho, m., scincha, f., ‘tibia, thigh.’ They are related by gradation to the cognates adduced under Schenkel, to which Suab. and Alem. (and Bav.) Schunke, OFris. skunka, meaning ‘bone, thigh, ham,’ are also to be added as further graded forms. Its connection with Schiene is probable on account of the meaning. From the Teut. cognates Ital. (dial.) stinco (schinco), ‘shin-bone,’ is borrowed.

Schinnen, plur., ‘dandruff, scurf,’ ModHG. only, from MidG. and LG.; connected with the cognates discussed under schinden; lit. ‘that which comes off in scales from the skin of the head’; hence allied to OIc. skinn (from *skinþ), ‘skin’?.

Schirling, see Schierling.

Schirmen, vb., ‘to protect, defend,’ from MidHG. schirmen, schërmen, ‘to protect, defend, fight,’ OHG. scirmen, ‘to serve as a bulwark, protect,’ allied to OHG. scirm, scërm, m., ‘bulwark, shield, protection,’ MidHG. schirm, schërm, m., ‘shield, penthouse, shelter, defence’; to these Schirm and beschirmen are allied. From Teut. are derived the Rom. cognates of Ital. schermo, ‘screen,’ schermire, ‘to fight.’ The early history of these words, which are wanting in the rest of the Teut. dials., is obscure; Gr. σκίρον, ‘parasol,’ is perhaps primit. allied.

Schirren, see Geschirr.

Schiß, m., ‘ordure,’ a ModHG. form from scheißen.

schlabbern. vb., ‘to slobber, slaver,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. and Du. slabben, ‘to flap,’ slabberen, ‘to spill.’

Schlacht, f., ‘battle, engagement,’ from MidHG. slahte, slaht, f., ‘killing, slaughter, battle,’ OHG. slahta, f., OSax. man-slahta, f., ‘death-blow, killing’; an abstract formed by the sem. suffix -tâ- (as in Schande), from the Teut. root slah, ‘to slay.’ For Schlacht in the sense of ‘sort’ see Geschlecht. Schlacht, ‘dyke, embankment,’ is also a derivative of schlagen, ‘to make firm by beating,’ which sense MidHG. slahen may have even in the classical poets. —

schlachten, vb., ‘to slaughter, slay,’ MidHG. slahten, OHG. slahtôn, ‘to kill, slaughter,’ is a derivative of Schlacht (OHG. slahta), with the preservation of its more general meaning; so too Schlächter, m., ‘butcher,’ MidHG. slahtœre, OHG. slahtâri, ‘butcher’; allied to E. slaughter.

Schlacke, f., ‘slag, dross,’ ModHG. only, from LG. slacke, ‘scales that fly off when metal is struck’ (E. slag); allied to schlagen.

Schlaf (1.), m., Schläfe, f., ‘temple,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. slâf, m.; Schläfe is prop. the plur. of Schlaf, referring to both the temples (comp. Lat. tempora); Du. slaap, ‘temple.’ In AS. þunwęnge, allied to OHG. tinna, MidHG. tinne and OHG. thinna-bahho, m., ‘temple,’ MidHG. tünewęnge, ‘temple’ (comp. dünn), OHG. dunwęngi, OIc. þunnvange, ‘temple.’ Beneath these similarly sounding terms lies the older Teut. term for ‘temple.’

Schlaf (2.), m., ‘sleep, slumber,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. slâf, m.; a verbal abstr. from schlafen, MidHG. slâfen, OHG. slâfan, str. vb., ‘to sleep.’ This form is peculiar to Teut. in this sense, and is wanting only in OIc., which has preserved sofa (Teut. root swef, Aryan swep), primit. allied to Lat. somnus, Gr. ὕπνος; Goth. slêps, ‘sleep,’ slêpan, ‘to sleep,’ AS. slœ́p, E. sleep, AS. slœ̂pan, E. to sleep, Du. slaap, slapen, OSax. slâp, slâpan. Comp. also the derivatives with r, OHG. slâfarag, MidHG. slâfrec, slœfric, ‘sleepy,’ OHG. slâfarôn (and slâfôn), MidHG. slâfern, ‘to be asleep, get sleepy.’ With the Teut. root slêp, ‘to sleep,’ appearing in these cognates, are also connected ModHG. schlaff and its Teut. correspondences; hence the prim. meaning of schlafen is probably ‘to be relaxed.’ For further references see under schlaff.

schlaff, adj., ‘relaxed, loose, indolent,’ from MidHG. and OHG. slaf (gen. slaffes), ‘relaxed, idle, impotent’; comp. LG. and Du. slap, ‘relaxed, impotent,’ whence ModHG. schlapp, retaining the LG. p, is borrowed. Goth. *slapa- is perhaps a graded form of the root slép, as lata-, ‘idle, lazy,’ is of the root lêt, ‘to omit’ (see laß). OSlov. slabŭ, ‘relaxed, weak,’ and Lat. lâbi, ‘to glide,’ lăbare, ‘to totter,’ have been rightly compared with the prim. Teut. slapa-, ‘relaxed.’ See schlafen.

Schlag (1.), m., ‘sort, race, family, class’; see Geschlecht.

Schlag (2.), m., ‘stroke, blow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slac (gen. slages), OHG. slag, m.; a verbal abstr. of the root slah, ‘to strike.’ ModHG. schlagen, ‘to strike, beat, pulsate,’ MidHG. slahen, OHG. slahan, ‘to strike’; the g of the ModHG. vb. is due to the grammatical change of h to g. Comp. Goth. slahan, OIc. slá (also ‘to mow down’), AS. sleán (from sleahan), E. to slay, Du. slaan, OSax. slahan, ‘to strike.’ Teut. root slah (slag), from pre-Teut. slā̆k; akin to Gr. λακίζω, Lat. lacerare, ‘to tear to pieces or rags,’ for slak-?. A root similar in sound appears in OIr. slechtaim, sligim, ‘I strike’ (root sleg). See Geschlecht and schlau.

Schlamm, m., ‘slime, mud,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slam (gen. slammes), m.

Schlamp, m., ‘carouse’; see schlemmen.

Schlange, f., ‘serpent,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slange, m. and f., OHG. slango, m.; comp. OIc. slange, m., ‘serpent,’ Du. slang; a graded form of schlingen, hence Schlinge is lit. ‘that which coils.’ —

schlängeln, vb., ‘to wind, twist,’ ModHG. only, seems a diminut. derivative of Schlange.

schlank, adj., ‘slender, slim,’ from MidLG. (MidG.) slanc, ‘slim, lean’; comp. Du. slank, ‘thin, nimble’; to this OIc. slakke (for slanke), ‘mountain slope,’ is also probably allied. Goth. *slanka- would be connected with the root sling in schlingen, like krank with the root kring in AS. cringan; see schlingen.

Schlappe (1.), f., ‘slipper,’ ModHG. only, from LG. slappe, winch is derived from LG. slapp, ‘loose.’

Schlappe (2.), f., ‘slap; discomfiture, defeat,’ ModHG. only, from LG. slappe; comp. MidE. slappe, E. slap; hence also in earlier ModHG. ‘slap in the face.’ From a HG. *slapfe is derived Ital. schiaffo, ‘slap in the face.’

schlappen, vb., ‘to slap, hang down, go slipshod,’ ModHG. only, from LG. and Du. slabben; see schlabbern.

Schlaraffe, m., ‘sluggard, lubber,’ for earlier ModHG.. Schlauraffe, which is met with as late as the first half of the last cent.; from MidHG. slûr-affe (sluder-affe), ‘luxurious, thoughtless idler, sluggard,’ recorded in the 14th cent., and certainly of not much earlier date; the latter term is from MidHG. slûr, ‘sluggishness, lazy person,’ see schleudern, schlummern. The first detailed description of Schlaraffenland, of which the earliest mention is made in the 15th cent., was given in a farce by Hans Sachs in 1530 A.D.

schlau, adj., ‘sly, crafty, cunning,’ early ModHG. only, formed from LG. slû; comp. Du. sluw, ‘sly’; akin also probably to OIc. slœ́gr, MidE. sleigh, E. sly, which, as ModHG. verschlagen, ‘cunning,’ indicates, is perhaps connected with the root slah, ‘to strike.’ It is uncertain how far these terms are due to earlier loan-words, and whether OIc. slœ́gr is the ultimate source of them all.

Schlauch, m., ‘leather bag, bottle, or pipe, funnel,’ from MidHG. slûch, m., ‘skin, slough (of a snake), leather bag, pipe’; corresponding to E. slough, Swed. dial. slug. MidHG. slûch, ‘gullet, throat; gulf, abyss,’ is a different word; late OHG. slûch, m., ‘yawning chasm’ (allied to schlucken). ModHG. Schlund, as well as Lat. vorâgo, ‘abyss,’ allied to vorare, ‘to swallow up,’ shows a similar evolution in meaning; comp. Lat. faux, ‘gullet, throat, abyss.’

Schlauchmaul, n., ‘glutton,’ ModHG. only, connected with the cognates of schlucken.

schlecht, adj., ‘bad, base, mean,’ from MidHG. slëht, adj., ‘honest, straight, smooth, simple, clear, correct,’ OHG. slëht, ‘straight, even, honest, simple, gentle, friendly’; corresponding to Goth. slaíhts, ‘even, straight,’ OIc. sléttr, ‘straight, even, smooth, gentle,’ OFris. sliacht, ‘honest, simple’; Du. slecht, ‘honest, bad.’ MidE. and E. slight, since the AS. word is not recorded, is probably a Du. loan-word. The meanings are evolved from ‘straight, even, simple’ (see schlicht and schlichten), and has led in ModHG. to a peculiar development in malam partem. The origin of the common Teut. adj. (or to-partic.?) *slehta- is obscure; it cannot, on account of its form and meaning, be connected with schlagen; Gr. ὀλίγος, ‘trifling,’ does not suit the earlier meaning, ‘straight, even, simple.’

schlecken, vb., ‘to lick, lap, be dainty,’ from late MidHG. slëcken, ‘to eat dainties by stealth’; allied to MidHG. slëc, m., ‘daintiness, dainty mouth,’ and havenslëcke, ‘glutton’; OHG. *slëcchôn, ‘to be fond of dainties,’ is wanting, as well as a corresponding term in any of the other OTeut. dials. Not allied to schlucken, but an intensive form of OIc. sl(illegible text)ikja, ‘to lick,’ which implies a Teut. root slī̆k, sloiq.

Schlegel, m., ‘mallet, sledge-hammer, drumstick,’ from MidHG. slęgel, OHG. slęgil, m., ‘implement for beating, club, flail, hammer’; from the root slah, ‘to strike.’ Comp. E. sledge, AS. slęcǧe, f., ‘hammer,’ from the same root.

Schlohe, f., ‘sloe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slêhe, OHG. slêha, f.; a common Teut. term; comp. Du. slee, AS. slâ, slâhaœ, f., E. sloe, Swed. slån, Dan. slaaen, ‘sloe’; Goth. *slaihô, or rather *slaihwô, are by chance not recorded. The cognates are usually connected with LG. slee, ‘blunt’; comp. OHG. slêo, OSax. slêo (Du. sleeuw, ‘bitter, harsh’), AS. slâw (E. slow), OIc. sljór, slœ́r, ‘blunt,’ hence the lit. meaning of Schlehe is perhaps ‘the fruit that makes the teeth blunt.’ Yet the latter terms imply Goth. *slaiwa-, and the former Goth. *slaihô (*slaihwô), the explanation is dubious. So too, for the same reason, is the comparison with OSlov. sliva (Lith. slýwas), ‘plum,’ for which we should expect a Goth *sláiwô (though AS. slâ points to *sláihô).

schleichen, vb., ‘to creep, crawl, slink,’ from MidHG. slîchen, OHG. slîhhan, ‘to walk with a light sliding motion, creep’; ‘akin to MidHG. slī̆ch, m., ‘slime, mud,’ Du. slik, slijk, ‘slime, mud,’ MidE. slîken, ‘to creep,’ with which E. sleek and slick are connected; in the other languages the Teut. root slī̆k (pre-Teut. slī̆g) rarely occurs. — To this is allied Schleiche in Blindschleiche, f., ‘blind-worm,’ MidHG. blintslîche, OHG. blintslîcho, m. See Schlich.

Schleie, f., ‘tench,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slîe, OHG. slîo, m.; corresponding to AS. slîw, m., ‘tench’; Goth. *sleiws, m., or rather *sleiwa, m., is wanting. Perhaps the fish was so named from its slimy scales, so that Schleim may be allied.

Schleier, m., ‘veil, pretence,’ from MidHG. sleier, earlier variants sloier, slogier, m., ‘kerchief, veil’ (the MidHG. term floier is curious); comp. Du. sluijer, MidE. sleir. MidHG. sloier, first recorded in the 13th cent., is certainly a borrowed term; the assumption that it was introduced by the Crusaders from the East leads to no definite result. Perhaps it is connected with OIr. sról, ‘silk.’

Schleife, f., ‘slide; slip-knot, bow of ribbons, favour,’ for earlier ModHG. (still dial.) Schläufe, f., allied to MidHG. sloufen, slöufen, ‘to push, slip, dress’; also Goth. slaupjan, ‘to strip off’; AS. slûpan, ‘to glide, slip’ (E. slop), Goth. sliupan, ‘to slip,’ OHG. sliofan, MidHG. sliefen, ‘to slide, slip.’ The Teut. root slū̆p, from pre-Teut. slū̆b, contained in these words, has been connected, perhaps rightly, with Lat. (for *slûbricus), ‘slippery,’ and Lith. slùbnas, ‘weak.’

schleifen, vb., ‘to slide, sharpen, whet,’ from MidHG. slîfen, ‘to glide, sink, grind a weapon,’ &c. (prop. ‘to sharpen by letting it slide’), OHG. slîfan, ‘to glide, sink, smooth’; comp. Du. slijpen, ‘to sharpen,’ AS. tô-slîpan, ‘to dissolve,’ to which are allied E. to slip, and slippers (Ital. schippire, ‘to escape’). How the Teut. root slī̆p, ‘to glide, slip,’ is connected with the equiv. root slū̆p, discussed under the preceding word, and further also with schleichen (root slī̆k), has not yet been ascertained. The corresponding factitive schleichen, vb., ‘to trail,’ from MidHG. and OHG. sleifen, lit. ‘to cause to slide along,’ hence ‘to drag along, trail,’ even late MidHG. eine burc sleifen, ‘to raze a city’; comp. LG. and Du. slepen, ‘to drag along the ground, trail,’ whence ModHG. schleppen is borrowed. See Schiff.

Schleim, m., ‘slime, mucus, phlegm, filth,’ from MidHG. slîm, m., ‘slime, mire, sticky fluid’; OHG. *slîm is wanting. Comp. Du. slijm, ‘slime,’ AS. slîm, and the equiv. E. slime, OIc. slîm, n.; Goth. *sleims is wanting. The root slī̆, ‘to be smooth, slippery,’ contained in these words, which is especially apparent in OHG. slîmen, ‘to male smooth, brighten by grinding,’ is closely related to Lat. lîmare, ‘to file, polish, smooth,’ lîma, ‘file,’ with which probably Lat. lêvis and Gr. λεῖος, ‘smooth,’ are also connected. In Lat. and Gr. initial s disappears before l. Perhaps Lat. lîmus, ‘slime’ (see under Lehm), may be adduced here; comp. further Schleie.

schleißen, vb., ‘to slit, split, gash,’ from MidHG. slîȥen, OHG. slîȥan, ‘to split, tear to pieces, wear out’; corresponding to OSax. slîtan, ‘to tear to pieces,’ Du. slijten, ‘to wear out,’ AS. slîtan, ‘to tear to pieces,’ to which E. to slit is allied, OIc. slíta, ‘to tear to pieces.’ The Teut. root slī̆t, ‘to tear to pieces’ (Goth. *sleitan), from pre-Teut. slī̆d, has not yet been found in the non-Teut. languages. See schlitzen, the intensive form. Schleißen, wk. vb., as the factitive of the str. vb., is MidHG. and OHG. sleiȥen, sleitzen, ‘to tear to pieces, split.’

schlemmen, ‘to carouse,’ from late MidHG. slęmmen, ‘to squander,’ allied to late MidHG. slamp, ‘carouse’; comp. Du. slemp, ‘dainty meal,’ slempen, ‘to carouse,’ with which Schlempe, f., ‘rinsings,’ is connected. The term is wanting in the other Teut. languages.

Schlempe, f., see schlemmen.

Schlendern, vb., ‘to lounge, saunter,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. slendern, Du. slenderen. —

Schlendrian, m., ‘old practice or custom, loafer,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG.; in Du. slender, ‘sauntering gait.’ The d after n represents an older t, which is correctly permutated in HG. schlenzen, ‘to saunter’; comp. MidE. slenten, ‘to saunter.’

schenkern, vb., ‘to sling, fling; loiter, lounge’; from late MidHG. slęnkern, ‘to sling,’ allied to MidHG. slęnge, slęnger, slęnker, ‘sling,’ OHG. slęngira, f., ‘sling’; derivatives from a root sling (see schlingen). From this was formed OHG. slinga, f., MidHG. slinge, f., ‘sling,’ whence the Rom. term Fr. elingue was borrowed; comp. E. sling, and see Schlinge.

Schleppe, f., ‘train (of a dress), trail,’ ModHG. only, from LG. slepe, Du. sleep, ‘train.’ —

schleppen, ‘to drag along, trail’; it occurs even in MidHG.; from MidG. and LG.; comp. LG. and Du. slepen. See schleifen.

Schleuder, f., ‘sling, swing,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. slûder, f.; probably borrowed (whence?). The equiv. G. word is quoted under schlenkern.

schleudern, vb., ‘to perform in a slovenly manner, bungle’; it is not really related to the preceding word, though it is instinctively connected with it by Germans, in Schleuderpreis, ‘undervalue,’ for example. The vb. is allied to MidHG. slûderer, ‘he who works hastily and negligently,’ which again, with an excrescent dental (as in haudern), is akin to MidHG. slûr, m., ‘bungling, idling, idler’; comp. Schlaraffe and schlummern.

schleunig, adj., ‘hasty, speedy,’ from MidHG. sliunec, OHG. slûnîg, ‘quick, speedy,’ in OHG. also ‘thriving.’ A lengthened form of Goth. *slû-na-, for which we have, however, snû-na-; the l seems to have been produced by assimilation on account of the suffix n. Allied to the OTeut. root snū̆, ‘to hasten, move quickly, turn’; comp. OHG. sniumo, AS. sneóme, adv., ‘speedily, quickly,’ Goth. sniumundô, ‘hastily,’ as. snûde, adv., ‘quickly’; as a vb. sniumjan, ‘to hasten,’ Goth. sniwan, ‘to hasten,’ AS. sneówian, ‘to hasten,’ OIc. snúa, ‘to turn.’

Schleuse, f., ‘sluice,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. slüse, Du. sluis, ‘aqueduct,’ which is derived from OFr. escluse, ModFr. écluse (from early MidLat. sclusa, exclusa). From the same source E. sluice is derived.

Schlich, m., ‘byway, trick,’ from MidHG. slich, m., ‘light, gait,’ allied to schleichen.

schlicht, adj., ‘plain, homely, honest,’ ModHG. only, formed to represent the meanings of MidHG. slëht (see schlecht), which became obsolete in ModHG. schlecht, from the MidHG. and OHG. vb. slihten, ‘to make plain, smooth over,’ and the MidHG. abstract form slihte, f., ‘straightforwardness’; comp. OHG. slihten, ‘to make plain,’ slihtî, allied to slëht, ‘straight, even.’

schliefen, vb., see Schleife.

schließen, vb., ‘to close, shut, include, infer,’ from MidHG. slieȥen, OHG. slioȥan, ‘to shut,’ OSax. *slûtan (equiv. to MidLG. and LG. slûten), is attested by slutil, ‘key’; Du. sluiten, ‘to lock up,’ OFris. slûta; further Northern E. sloat, slot, ‘bolt of a door.’ In OIc. and Goth. the corresponding vbs. and derivs. are wanting. The Teut. root certainly originated in pre-Teut. sklū̆d — the combination skl is not tolerated in Teut., — and hence it may be compared with Lat. claudo for *sclaudo (Aryan root klaud, as well as sklaud), as a cognate term. See Schloß and Schlüssel.

Schliff, m., ‘sharpening, grinding, edge,’ from MidHG. slif (gen. sliffes), m., ‘polish, slipping’; allied to schleifen.

schlimm, adj., ‘bad, wicked,’ from MidHG. slimp, adj., ‘awry, aslant,’ whence the adv. slimbes, ‘obliquely’; OHG. *slimb, ‘aslant,’ may be assumed from the derivative abstr. form slimbî, ‘slope.’ The moral signification of the adj. first occurs in ModHG.; a similar development is seen in Du. slim, ‘bad’ (beside which occurs slimbeen, ‘person with bandy-legs’). E. slim and OIc. slœ́mr, ‘vile,’ were borrowed from the Continent. The remoter history of OTeut. slimba-, ‘aslant, awry,’ from which Ital. sghembo, ‘awry, bent,’ was borrowed at an early period, is quite obscure.

Schlinge, f., ‘knot, loop, noose, snare,’ ModHG. only; corresponding in form to MidHG. slinge, ‘sling,’ f. (see schlenkern), which meaning was retained in ModHG. till the 17th cent. (so too Span. eslingua, Fr. élingue). On account of its sense, however, Schlinge is not to be derived from this MidHG. word, but from the ModHG. vb. —

schlingen, vb., ‘to wind, twine, twist, sling,’ from MidHG. slingen, OHG. slingan, ‘to wind, entwine, swing to and fro,’ MidHG. also ‘to creep,’ OHG. ‘to move’; comp. Du. slingeren, ‘to hurl, swing,’ AS. slingan, E. to slung, OIc. slyngva, ‘to throw’; Goth. *slingwan (or rather *sleihwan) is wanting. The prim. idea of the root slingw, to which both schlenkern and Schlange are allied, was ‘a revolving, swinging motion.’ The Teut. root slingw (*slinhw) originated in pre-Teut. slenk, as is indicated by Lith. slínkti, ‘to creep’ (OSlov. sląkŭ, ‘crooked’?). —

Schlingel, m., ‘sluggard, rascal, blackguard,’ earlier ModHG. Schlüngel, prop. perhaps ‘sneak’; wanting in and in the other languages.

schlingen (1.), vb., ‘to twine, wind.’ See the preceding article.

schlingen (2.), vb., ‘to swallow, engulf,’ a MidG. term introduced by Luther, for (UpG.) MidHG. slinden, OHG. slintan, ‘to devour’; in MidG. nd changes to ng, as, e.g., Thuring. linge, ‘Linde’ (linden), gebungen, gebunden (bound), schlung, Schlund (gullet). Comp. Goth. fra-slindan, ‘to devour,’ Du. slinden, ‘to devour’; further corresponding vbs. are wanting in OTeut. The Teut. root slind, ‘to devour,’ seems to be cognate with the root slī̆d, ‘to slide.’ See Schlitten and also Schlund. The change from schlinden to schlingen is due to connecting the word with schlingen (1); comp. hinunter würgen, ‘to swallow.’

Schlitten, m., ‘sleigh, sledge,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slitte, usually slite, m., OHG. slita, f., slito, m.; comp. Du. slede, MidE. slede, E. sled, sledge, OIc. sleðe, m., ‘sleigh.’ From HG. is derived Ital. slitta, ‘sleigh.’ The Teut. cognates are based on a Teut. root slī̆d, ‘to slide,’ which is preserved in the E. vb. and subst. slide; comp. the equiv. MidHG. (MidG.) slîten, whence ModHG. (dial.) schlittern, ‘to slide (on ice),’ AS. slîdan. Pre-Teut. slī̆dh, ‘to slide,’ is also attested by Lith. slidus, ‘smooth’ (of ice), slýsti (root slyd), ‘to slide,’ Lett. slidas, ‘skates,’ and Sans. sridh, ‘to stumble’; the root seems to have been often used in primit. Teut. times, and perhaps still earlier, for ‘to slide (on ice).’ —

Schlittschuh, m., ‘skate,’ ModHG. only in its present sense, for earlier ModHG. Schrittschuh. Comp. MidHG. schriteschuoch, n., ‘league-boot, shoe for flying.’

Schlitz, m., ‘slit, gash,’ from MidHG. sliz (gen. slitzes), OHG. sliz, sliȥ, m., ‘cleaving, breach’ (comp. E. slit); allied to schleißen. —

schlitzen, vb., ‘to slit, gash, cleave,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slitzen, intensive of schleißen.

schlohweiß, adj., see Schloße.

Schloß, n., ‘lock, clasp; castle, palace,’ from MidHG. slō̆ȥ, n., ‘bolt, band, lock, fetter, castle, citadel,’ OHG. slŏȥ, n., ‘lock, bolt’; corresponding to Northern E. slot, sloat, ‘bolt, crossbar’; allied to schließen.

Schloße, f., ‘hail, hailstone, sleet,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slôȥe, f., slôȥ (m. and n.?); OHG. *slôȥa is wanting; comp. Du. slote (OSax. *slôta), AS. *slŷt, *slête, E. sleet (Goth. *slauti- is wanting). The origin of the cognates is obscure; it is scarcely derived from the root slū̆t, ‘to lock,’ as if hail were regarded as ‘that which is bound together compared with the soft snowflakes and the streaming rain.’ —

schloßweiß, or, by a curious corruption, schlohweiß, lit. ‘white as hail’ (MidHG. wîzer dan ein slôȥ, ‘whiter than a hailstone,’ occurs once).

Schlot, m., ‘chimney, flue, channel,’ from MidHG. and OHG. slât, m., ‘chimney, fireside, mouth of an oven.’ A word peculiar to MidG.; of obscure origin.

schlottern, vb., ‘to shake, hang loose, dangle,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slottern, intensive of MidHG. sloten, ‘to quiver.’ Comp. Du. slodderen, ‘to shake’; of obscure origin.

Schlucht, f., ‘ravine, gorge,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG., for earlier ModHG. and HG. Schluft; for LG. cht, representing HG. ft, see sacht, beschwichtigen, and Nichte. MidHG. (rare) sluft, ‘ravine,’ belongs to the Teut. root slū̆p, ‘to' slip,’ discussed under Schleife.

schluchzen, vb. ‘to sob,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. sluckzen; prop. a frequentative of schlucken, which in MidHG. also means ‘to sob.’ See seufzen (OHG. *sluhhazzen, *slucchazzen, are wanting). —

schlucken, vb., ‘to gulp down, swallow,’ from MidHG. slucken, ‘to swallow, gulp down, sob’; OHG. *slucchôn may be inferred from sluccho, slûhho (hh as in schluchzen?), m. ‘gormandiser, glutton.’ Allied to MidHG. slûchen, ‘to swallow, gulp down,’ and slûch, ‘gullet, throat; sot, glutton’ (comp. ModHG. Schlauchmaul). The Teut. root slū̆k, not allied to schlecken, originated in Aryan slū̆g, which has been identified in Gr. as λυγ (for σλυγ); comp. λυγγάνομαι, λύζω, ‘to have the hiccup, sob,’ λύγδην, ‘sobbingly,’ λύγξ (λυγγός), ‘violent sobbing, hiccup.’ In OIr. the root appears with initial s as slug, ‘to devour.’ Akin also to Schlauch.

Schluft, see Schlucht.

Schlummern, vb., ‘to slumber,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. (MidG.) slummeren, slumen; comp. Du. sluimeren; AS. slûmerian, E. to slumber, AS. slûma, Northern E. sloom, ‘to slumber.’ The root (Alem. šlûne, šlûre, ‘to slumber’) contained in these words appears in Goth. slawan (slawaida), ‘to be silent,’ in a curious divergent meaning, to which MidHG. slûr, m., ‘idling, idler’ (comp. Schlaraffe), is also allied. The prim. idea of the whole group is ‘to be quiet, inactive.’

Schlund, m., ‘gullet, throat, chasm,’ from MidHG. and OHG. slunt, m., ‘gullet, throat, neck, abyss’; allied to MidHG. slinden, ModHG. schlingen (2), but with the preservation of the old dental, which schlingen has changed into a guttural.

Schlupf, m., ‘slip, refuge, pass, defile,’ from MidHG. slupf, ‘noose, cord,’ allied to MidHG. slüpfen, MidHG. and OHG. slupfen, ModHG. schlüpfen, ‘to slip,’ which is an intensive of MidHG. sliefen, ‘to slide, slip,’ corresponding to Goth. sliupan, ‘to slip’; Lat. lûbricus seems to be primit. allied to it. —

schlüpfrig, adj. ‘slippery, unstable,’ from late MidHG. slupferic, ‘slippery,’ of which the variant slupfer occurs.

schlürfen, vb., ‘to sip, lap, drink,’ ModHG. only; probably, however, its non-occurrence in earlier HG. is only an accident (MidHG. *slürfen, OHG. *slurfen); according to the HG. permutation Du. slurpen, ‘to sip,’ is allied. The stem is not found elsewhere; its origin is obscure.

Schlüssel, m., ‘key,’ from the equiv. MidHG. slüȥȥel, OHG. sluȥȥil, m.; corresponding to OSax. slutil, Du. sleutel. This derivative of schließen (Goth. *slutila-) is wanting in E., OIc., and Goth.

Schluß, m., ‘end, conclusion,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. sluȥ, m., of which the variant sloȥ occurs in sloȥrede, ‘syllogism,’ sloȥstein, ‘keystone.’ Allied to schließen.

Schmach, f., ‘outrage, ignominy,’ from MidHG. (rare) smâch, smâhe, usually smœhe, f., ‘insult, abuse, ignominy’ (to which Ital. smacco, ‘affront,’ is allied?). An abstract from MidHG. smœhe, adj., ‘little, trifling, contemptible’; comp. OHG. smâhi, adj., ‘little, trifling, base,,’ smâhi, f., ‘trifle, baseness’; also OIc. smár, ‘little,’ and, with a different development of meaning, AS. smeálîc, ‘fine, careful.’ A similar variety of meanings is seen in the history of ModHG. klein, for which we must assumne (as for OHG. smâki) the prim. meaning of ‘little, pretty.’ If Gr. μικρός, σμικρός, represents σμεκρός, OHG. smâhi (as if corresponding to *σμήκιος) may be connected with it. The earlier sense still appears faintly in schmachten and verschmachten; comp. MidHG. versmahten (ă or â?), ‘to pine away,’ OHG. gismahteôn, ‘to disappear.’ Allied to schmächtig, adj., ‘pining, languishing,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) smahtec, from MidHG. (MidG.) smaht, ‘pining away’; if these latter cognates contain ă, they may be connected with ModHG. smëcker, ‘slender, narrow, pining.’ See schmähen.

Schmack, see schmecken.

Schmacke, f., ‘smack’ (vessel), ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. and Du. smak, E. smack, Dan. smakke (comp. Fr. semaque); its history and origin are obscure.

schmähen, vb., ‘to abuse, revile, rail,’ from MidHG. smœhen, ‘to treat contemptuously,’ OHG. smâhen, vb., ‘to make small, lessen,’ see Schmach. Allied to ModHG. schmählich, adj., ‘abusive,’ MidHG. smœhelich, OHG. smâlîch, adj., which are identical with the OHG. adj. smâhi, MidHG. smœhe, adduced under Schmach.

schmal, adj., ‘narrow, slender, scanty,’ from MidHG. and OHG. smal, adj., ‘small, trifling, slender, scanty, narrow’; corresponding to Goth. smals, ‘small, trifling.’ AS. smeœl, ‘small, trifling,’ E. small, Du. smal, OSax. smal, ‘emall, trifling.’ The ModHG. sense is to be regarded as a specialisation of the older and wider meaning. The word is usually compared with OSlov. malŭ, ‘small,’ as well as Gr. μῆλα, ‘small cattle’ (for σμ-?), OIr. míl, ‘animal,’ espec. since OIc. smale, ‘small cattle,’ has the same meaning. The older and wider meaning of the adj. is still faintly seen in schmälen, ‘to put down with reproof’; comp. MidHG. smeln, ‘to make narrower, lessen.’

Schmalte, f., ‘smalt,’ ModHG. only, formed from Ital. smalto, or Fr. smalt, ‘glass of a deep blue.’

Schmalz, n., ‘fat, grease, suet,’ from MidHG. and OHG. smalz, n., ‘melted fat for cooking, grease, butter’ (comp. Ital. dial. smalzo, ‘butter’); allied to schmelzen, ‘to melt,’ which, in the sense ‘to cook with fat,’ is derived from Schmalz.

Schmant, m. (Livon., LG., and Hess.), ‘cream,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. smant, borrowed in the 15th cent. from Slav.; comp. Bohem. smant. With Bohem. smetana (Russ. smetana, ‘cream’) is connected the dial. (Siles., Bohem., and Austr.) Schmetten, ‘cream,’ to which Schmetterling is probably related.

schmarotzen, vb., ‘to spunge on,’ from late MidHG. smorotzen, ‘to beg, be sordid, spunge on.’ On account of the narrow area and the late appearance of the word, its history and origin are obscure.

Schmarre, f., ‘slash, scar,’ ModHG. only; corresponding to LG. smarre; unknown to the OTeut. languages; only in MidHG. does a cognate smurre, f., ‘cut, stroke,’ occur. Of obscure origin.

schmatzen, vb., ‘to smack the lips in eating,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smatzen, which also means ‘to kiss with a smack.’ The MidHG. word comes from an older equiv. variant smackezen, a derivative of MidHG. smacken, ‘to taste, savour.’

Schmauch, m., ‘thick smoke,’ from MidHG. smouch, ‘smoke, vapour’ (AS. smêč). Allied to a Teut. root smū̆k (Pre-Teut. smū̆g), ‘to smoke’; comp. AS. smeócan, smŏcian, and the equiv. E. to smoke, Du. smoken, ‘to smoke,’ smook, ‘smoke’; also LG. smöken. Perhaps Gr. σμὕχω (Aor. ε-σμύγ-ην), ‘to consume in a smouldering fire,’ is allied.

Schmaus, m., ‘feast, banquet’; its history and origin are obscure. Yet Du. smullen, ‘to eat or drink immoderately, carouse,’ smuisteren, ‘to feast, Du. and LG. smudderen, smodderen, ‘to feast,’ are probably cognate. The word is unknown to the OTeut. period.

schmecken, vb., ‘to taste, savour, relish,’ from MidHG. smęcken, smacken, ‘to try by tasting; savour, smell, scent; perceive’; the meaning ‘to smell’ is still partly retained by Alem. and Bav. OHG. smęcchen, only ‘to taste’ (trans. and intrans.), smacchên, ‘to smack of.’ Comp. OHG. and MidHG. smac, m., ‘taste,’ Du. smaak, AS. smœc (cc), ‘taste,’ smeččan, ‘to taste,’ E. smack, vb. and subst. In OIc. and Goth. there are no corresponding vbs. from the Teut. root smak (pre-Teut. smā̆g), with which Lith. smagùs, ‘agreeable,’ lit. ‘pliant,’ has wrongly been connected as cognate terms.

Schmeer, m., ‘fat, grease, smear,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smër (gen. smërwes), OHG. smëro (gen. smërwes), n.; comp. schmieren. From the root smër, contained in these words, are derived Goth. *smaír-þr, n., ‘fat, fatness,’ Du. smeer, ‘fat, grease, tallow,’ AS. smeoro, E. smear, OIc. smjǫr, ‘butter’; also, with a different meaning, Goth. smarna, ‘dirt, excrement’ (comp. its relation to Schmeer and schmieren), and, in a figurative sense, OHG. and AS. bismer, ‘contumely.’ In the non-Teut. languages the word has been compared, probably without any justification, with Gr. μὕρω, ‘to trickle,’ μῦρον, ‘salve.’

schmeicheln, vb., ‘to caress, coax, flatter,’ from MidHG. smeicheln, smeichen, ‘to flatter, praise, extol’; OHG. *smeihhen is wanting; comp. MidLG. smeken, Du. smeeken, ‘to implore’ (conversely, Du. vleijen signifies ‘to flatter’). These cognates, which have no corresponding terms in other languages, probably belong, like the words adduced under Schminke, to a Teut. and Aryan root smī̆-w, ‘to be insinuating, friendly,’ to which MidHG. smieren, smielen, ‘to smile’ (comp. Speichel from the root spîw, ‘to spit’), is allied. In that case E. to smile, Sans. smêra-s, ‘smiling,’ Sans. root smi, ‘to laugh,’ Lett. smët, ‘to laugh,’ and OSlov. směją, smijati sę, ‘to laugh,’ are probably allied. If from its relation to HG. glatt and E. glad it is assumed that the prim. meaning of the root smī̆-w is ‘to be smooth,’ the root smī̆ (see Schmied), ‘to work artistically’ (lit. ‘to do polished work’), may be regarded as cognate with the former; similarly OHG. gi-slihten signifies ‘to smooth over, polish,’ and ‘to flatter.’

schmeißen, vb., ‘to smite, fling, kick (of horses),’ from MidHG. smîȥen, ‘to rub, strike’; the latter meanings are the earlier, as is shown by Goth. smeitan (only in gasmeitan and bi-smeitan), ‘to spread over, besmear’; comp. AS. smîtan, E. to smite. The meaning of ModHG. schmeißen, compared with that of OHG. and MidHG., is due to LG. and Du. influence; comp. Du. smijten, ‘to sling, throw.’ Yet it is to be observed that the OHG. and MidHG. vbs. are compounded usually with bi, or rather be (as in Goth. and AS.), hence the OTeut. root smī̆t probably signifies ‘to throw at.’ The corresponding ModHG. vb. schmeißen, ‘cacare’ (MidHG. smeizen, ‘cacare’), is a factitive of smîȥen. See schmißen.

schmelzen, vb., ‘to melt, dissolve,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smëlzen, OHG. smëlzan; also as factitive ModHG. schmelzen, MidHG. and OHG. smęlzen, ‘to smelt, liquefy’; comp. E. to smelt. The pre-Teut. root smeld, contained in these words and in the allied term Schmalz, is cognate with the root meld (see Malz), and Gr. μέλδω, ‘to melt.’ From the Teut. cognates the Rom. terms, Ital. smalto and Fr. émail, ‘enamel,’ are usually derived.

Schmergel, m., ‘emery,’ early ModHG. only, from the equiv. Ital. smeriglio.

Schmerl, m., Schmerlin, ‘merlin,’ from MidHG. smirl, m., smirlîn, ‘mountain falcon,’ OHG. smirl, m., OIc. smyrell; loan-words from Ron.; comp. Ital. smerlo, smeriglione, Fr. émerillon, ‘stone-falcon’; E. merlin comes from Fr. The Rom. name of the bird is usually derived from Lat. merula, ‘blackbird’; “it is said that the Lat. word is applied to a bird similar to the blackbird.”

Schmerle, f., ‘loach,’ from MidHG. smërl, smërle, f., ‘loach, groundling’; MidHG. also smërlinc, m., and smërlîn, n.; of obscure origin.

Schmerz, m., ‘pain,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smërz, m., OHG. smërzo, m., smërza, f.; allied to OHG. smërzan, vb., MidHG. smërzen, ‘to smart, pain,’ AS. smeortan, ‘to pain, smart,’ E. smart, vb. and subst. MidE. smerte, E. smart, adj., make it probable that the cognates are related to Lat. mordêre, ‘to bite,’ Gr. σμερδνός, σμερδαλεός, ‘horrible'; the Aryan root smerd, Teut. smert, signifies perhaps ‘to stick, bite.’ Comp. bitter.

Schmetten, see Schmant.

Schmetterling, m., ‘butterfly,’ ModHG. only; in the earlier periods a term closely connected with ModHG. Falter (Zweifalter) is used. In most of the ModHG. dials. this literary term is also wanting; in Bav. müllermaler (so too in the Fulda dial.) or sommervogel, Suab. baufalter or weifalter. In other dials. occur Milchdieb, Molkendieb (Westph. also molkentövener, smantlecker), LG. Buttervogel or Butterfliege (AS. butorfleóge, E. butterfly), which may perhaps explain ModHG. Schmetterling. The latter term is probably derived from ModHG. Schmetten, ‘cream,’ which, like Schmetterling, is native to the eastern part of Middle Germany (see Schmant). Comp. further Du. vlinder.

schmettern, vb., ‘to hurl, smash, bray (of trumpets), peal (of thunder),’ MidHG. smetern, ‘to clatter,’ an onomatopoetic word.

Schmied, m., ‘smith,’ from MidHG. smit, OHG. smid, m., ‘worker in metal.’ Goth. aiza-smiþa, ‘smith,’ lit. ‘worker in brass,’ and ga-smiþôn, ‘to work (do smith’s work),’ show that the HG. meaning is specialisation of the signification ‘faber, worker in art’; OIc. smiðr, m., ‘worker in metal or wood’; comp. AS. smiþ, E. smith, Du. smid. ModHG. Schmiede, f., based on Schmied, is derived from the equiv. MidHG. smitte, OHG. smitta, f., ‘smithy,’ which again comes from Goth. *smiþjo (þj became þþj in West Teut., and the þþ was permutated to tt in HG.; comp. Fittich); comp. OIc. smiðja, AS. smiþþe, f., E. smithy, and the equiv. Du. smisse. With the root smī̆, ‘to work artistically in hard material — wood, brass,’ preserved in Goth. *smi-þa, m., are connected OHG. smeidar, ‘artist, artifex daedalus,’ and the words discussed under Geschmeide. Comp. also Gr. σμΐλη ‘graving tool,’ σμι-νύη, ‘hoe.’ For its connection with other terms see under schmeicheln.

schmiegen, vb., ‘to wind, incline; (refl.) twine, nestle,’ from MidHG. smiegen (OHG. *smiogan is by chance not recorded), ‘to cling close to, contract, stoop’; comp. AS. smûgan, ‘to creep,’ OIc. smjúga, ‘to creep through something’; the prim. idea of these cognates, which do not occur elsewhere in Teut., is ‘to press closely to anything and to be swayed by its movements.’ Teut. root smū̆g, from pre-Teut. smū̆k; comp. OSlov. smykati sę, ‘to creep,’ Lith. smùkti, ‘to slide.’ See schmücken and schmageln.

Schmiele, f., ‘hair-grass, bulrush,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smilehe, smëlehe, f.; OHG. *smëlaha, smilaha, or rather smëlawa, smilawa, and Goth. *smilhwi, f., are wanting; allied to MidHG. smëlhe, adj., ‘narrow.’

Schmieralien, plur., ‘bribes,’ ModHG. only, formed like Lappalien (trifles), with a foreign suffix from a G. stem; comp. also Schwulität. Allied to schmieren, MidHG. smirn, smirwen, ‘to smear, salve, bribe,’ OHG. smirwen, a denominative of Schmeer.

Schminke, f., ‘paint (for the face), rouge,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sminke, smicke, f., allied to OHG. smëcchar, smëhhar, adj. ‘fine, pretty,’ AS. smicere, ‘fine, pretty.’ These are connected with schmeicheln (root smaikw?). Comp. Dan. smigre, Swed. smickra, ‘to flatter,’ E. to smicker, ‘to ogle.’

Schmiß, m., ‘blow, stroke, trick,’ ModHG. only, allied to MidHG. smiz, ‘spot’ (smîȥen, ‘to strike’).

schmitzen, vb., ‘to lash, whip,’ from MidHG. smitzen, ‘to beat with rods, scourge, besmear.’ To this is allied ModHG. verschmitzt ‘wily, cunning,’ lit. ‘beaten away.’

Schmöker, m., ModHG. only, prop. ‘smoker,’ then ‘book strongly scenting of tobacco’; allied to LG. smöken; see Schmauch.

schmollen, vb., ‘to pout, be sulky,’ from MidHG. smollen, ‘to be silent from vexation, pout.’ also ‘to smile’; a late form of MidHG. smielen, ‘to smile’; see schmeicheln.

Schmollis, m., ‘good-fellowship, fraternisation,’ ModHG. only; its history is obscure, yet it seems to be connected with Du. smullen, ‘to feast, gormandize’ (see Schmaus), smul, ‘feast, good cheer.’

schmoren, vb., ‘to swelter, stew, fry,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. and Du. smoren, ‘to roast, stew,’ also ‘to stifle, fume’; comp. AS. smorian, ‘to stifle.’ Those who regard ‘to roast, stew,’ as the prim. meaning of the cognates may trace AS. smorian to Goth. smuzôn, and explain ModHG. Schmaus from some such orig. sense as ‘cook-shop.’ Yet AS. and MidE. smorþer, ‘steam,’ E. smother, probably points to a root with a final r.

Schmuck, m., ‘adornment, finery,’ ModHG. only, in MidHG. gesmuc, ‘adornment, embellishment,’ allied to schmücken, MidHG. smücken, ‘to wind, press close, dress, adorn.’ The Teut. root smug (pre-Teut. smuk) in schmiegen, of which schmücken is an intensive form, was frequently used orig. to form words signifying ‘to dress,’ and is also found in the name of a sort of under-garment or shirt, OHG. smoccho, AS. smocc (comp. E. smock). The adj. schmuck, ‘tidy, smart,’ ModHG. only, is derived from LG. (comp. North Fris. smok), whence also E. smug (or from Dan. smuk).

schmuggeln, vb., ‘to smuggle,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. smuggeln; comp. Du. smokkeln, E. to smuggle (borrowed from the same source?). The orig. word is connected with the root smug, ‘to wind,’ to which the secondary sense of ‘secrecy’ may belong; comp. Du. smuigen, ‘to enjoy oneself secretly.’

schmunzeln, vb., ‘to smile good-naturedly, simper,’ frequentative of MidHG. smutzen, smotzen, ‘to smirk, smile good-naturedly,’ to which MidHG. smutz, ModHG. (dial.) Schmutz, ‘kiss,’ is also probably allied. It is perhaps connected with Schmatz, schmatzen (from MidHG. smackezen).

Schmus, m., ‘talk, chaffering,’ ModHG. only; from Hebr. schĕmûôth, ‘news, tales’; hence Du. smousen, ‘to chaffer’?.

Schmutz, m., ‘dirt, filth,’ from the equiv. MidHG. smuz (-tzes), m., allied to MidHG. smotzen, ‘to be dirty’; also to Du. smet, ‘spot, dirt,’ smetten, ‘to get stained,’ smodderen, ‘to soil,’ E. smut, vb. and subst., MidE. bismitten, bismoteren, bismudden, ‘to stain, soil.’ It is uncertain whether these words are late graded forms of MidHG. smitzen, ‘to rub over.’

Schnabel, m., ‘beak, bill,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snabel, m., OHG. snabul, m.; corresponding to Du. snavel, ‘beak, trunk’ (of an elephant), sneb, ‘beak,’ OFris. snavel, ‘mouth.’ To these, from the relation of Malz to schmelzen (Aryan root meld, smeld), the following are also allied — Du. neb, f., ‘beak,’ E. nib, AS. nębb, ‘beak, face,’ OIc. nef, n., ‘nose’ (as well as ‘sharp-scented’). From Teut. are derived the cognates of Ital. niffo, ‘snout, trunk.’ Teut. snabja-, snabala- (from an Aryan root snap, nap), agrees with Lith. snápas, ‘beak.’ Comp. schnappen, Schnepfe, and Schneppe.

Schnack, m., ‘chit-chat, talk,’ ModHG. only, formed from MidG., LG., and Du. snakken, ‘to chatter, babble’; to this is allied ModHG. Schnake, ‘merry tale,’ from LG., also ‘merry fellow.’ Comp. Du. snaak, ‘buffoon.’

Schnake, f., ‘gnat, midge,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snâke, m. and f.; the sounds point to OHG. *snâko (from the base *snâggo; comp. Hafen, from the base *hâggo). The prop. LG. schnake, f., ‘water-snake,’ is different from this word, and corresponds to E. snake, AS. snăcu, ‘snake,’ OIc. snákr, snókr, ‘snake’ (Swed. snok, ‘water-snake’).

Schnalle, f., ‘buckle, clasp,’ from MidHG. snalle, f., ‘buckle,’ shoe-buckle,’ allied to MidHG. snal, m., ‘quick movement’ (for the proper term for buckle see Rinken). Hence the word is probably named from the rapid movement of the spring. See the following word and schnell.

schnalzen, vb. ‘to smack, snap, crack,’ from MidHG. snalzen, intensive of snallen, ‘to move with a noise peculiar to the rapid movement of the fingers or the tongue’; allied to Schnalle.

schnappen, vb., ‘to snap, snatch,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) snappen, ‘to snap, chatter.’ The latter, like Du. snappen (E. to snap), is an intensive of MidHG. snaben, ‘to snap, snort’; allied to the root snab contained in Schnabel. — ModHG. schnappen (dial.), ‘to limp,’ MidHG. snappen, ‘to stumble,’ is etymologically distinct from this verb.

Schnapphahn, m., ‘highwayman,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. snaphan; yet it seems that the word signified orig. a sort of musket, although this meaning is first recorded at the end of the 17th cent., and hence is later than ‘mounted highwayman,’ which occurs even in the 15th cent.; the signification ‘musket’ was afterwards transferred to the man armed with such a weapon. Comp. Du. snaphaan, ‘gun, musket, bandit.’

Schnaps, m.,. ‘dram, glass of gin or brandy, liquor,’ from the equiv. LG. snapps, which means lit. ‘draught, mouthful,’ and is connected with schnappen.

schnarchen, vb., ‘to snore, snort,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snarchen, snarcheln; allied to MidHG. snarren, ‘to rattle, crash,’ like hor-chen to hören. Comp. Du. snorken, ‘to snore, chatter, boast’; also MidE. snun-ten, ‘to snore,’ with a different intensive suffix, E. to snort (comp. MidHG. snar-z, ‘twittering of the swallow,’ also an abusive epithet), and without a suffix MidE. snorin (AS. *snorian), E. to snore. From the root snar numerous terms have been formed in imitation of sound (see also schnarren and schnurren); comp. Du. snorren, ‘to hum, whiz, chirp,’ E. to snarl, and snurls, ‘nostrils,’ and in the non-Teut. languages perhaps Lith. snarglýs, ‘snot.’

schnarren, vb., ‘to rattle, drone,’ from MidHG. snarren, ‘to rattle, crash, chatter’; see the preceding word. — To this is allied Schnarre, ‘landrail,’ ModHG. only, in MidHG. snarz, ‘landrail.’

schnattern, vb., ‘cackle, gabble, chatter,’ from MidHG. snateren, ‘to cackle, croak (of frogs), clatter (of storks), chatter’; comp. Du. snater, ‘beak,’ snateren, ‘to chatter, boast.’ The stem is not found elsewhere.

schnauben, vb., ‘to snort,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) snûben, ‘to snore’; comp. Du. snuiven, ‘to snort.’ From the corresponding Du. snûven is usually derived ModHG. schnaufeu, which, however, may come from MidHG. snûfen, ‘to snuff.’ The Teut. root is snupp, snū̆f, snū̆b. Comp. Schnupfen.

Schnaue, f., ‘snow’ (vessel), from the equiv. LG. snau, Du. snaauw, whence also E. snow, Fr. senau; “orig. a ship with a beak, from LG. snau, ‘beak.’” Yet comp. also OHG. snacga, ‘navis rostrata’?.

Schnauze, f., ‘snout, muzzle, nozzle,’ ModHG. only; an imitation of LG. snûte, Du. snuit, ‘snout,’ though wrongly influenced in its dental sound perhaps by MidHG. sniutzen, ModHG. schneuzen; comp. E. snout and the equiv. MidE. snoute. The form with a correctly permutated MidHG. ȥ, equiv. to ModHG. sz, is preserved in ModHG. (dial.) schnaußen, ‘to snarl, junket, suck.’ For further remarks see schneuzen.

Schnecke, f., ‘snail, slug, spiral staircase,’ from MidHG. snëcke, m., ‘snail, tortoise, spiral staircase,’ OHG. snëcko, m., ‘snail’; corresponding to LG. snigge (Goth. *snigga, m., is wanting). Goth. *snagils is implied by MidHG. snęgel, ModHG. (Hess.) Schnegel, ‘snail,’ LG. snagel, AS. snœgel, E. snail. Comp. further OIc. snigell.

Schnee, m., ‘snow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. sné, OHG. snêo, m.; a common Teut. term which may be traced back to OAryan; this is all the more remarkable, since no words common to the Aryan group can be adduced for ‘hail’ and ‘rain.’ Goth. snaiws, OIc. snœ́r, AS. snâw, E. snow, Du. sneeuw. The common Teut. snaiwa-z, m., ‘snow,’ from an earlier snoigó-s (prior to the OHG. permutation snoighwós) corresponds to OSlov. sněgu, Lith. snégas, ‘snow’; allied to the Teut. root snī̆w, from pre-Teut. snī̆gh, preserved in ModHG. schneien MidHG. snîen, OHG. snîwan. To this corresponds Lat. ninguere, ‘to snow,’ and nix (nivis), ‘snow,’ Gr. νέφει, ‘it snows’ (φ equiv. to ghw), acc. γίφα, ‘snow’ (all these have lost an initial s before n); Lith. snìgti, ‘to snow,’ OIr. snechta, ‘snow,’ Zend snìż, ‘to snow.’ The Sans. root snih, ‘to become damp, melt away,’ is divergent in meaning; it must also be noted that the term for ‘snow’ differs in most of the Aryan dials. (Zend vafra, ‘snow’). Thus we have a West Aryan and Pers. (but not an Ind. and Armen.) verbal root snī̆gh, ‘to now’; the term ‘snow’ is of more recent origin. See Winter.

Schneide, f., ‘(cutting) edge, snare, gin,’ from MidHG. snîde, f., ‘edge of a sword or a knife’; allied to schneiden, from MidHG. snîden, OHG. snîdan, ‘to cut, carve, make (clothes)’; comp. Goth. sneiþan, ‘to cut, reap,’ OIc. snìða, AS. snîþan (obsolete at the beginning of the MidE. period), Du. snijden, OSax. snîthan. A common Teut. vb. from the root snī̆þ (snī̆d), ‘to cut,’ which has to correspondences in the other Aryan languages. See schnitzen. —

Schneider, m., ‘cutter, tailor,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snîdœre, m., is connected with the meaning of MidHG. snîden.

schneien, see Schnee.

Schneise, f., ‘path hewn through a wood,’ in this sense a MidG. and LG. word, in MidHG. sneite; both are derived from schneiden. The word also signifies ‘noose, snare.’

schneiteln, schneideln, vb., ‘to lop, prune,’ from late MidHG. (also sneiten), ‘to strip of the branches.’ Allied to schneiden.

schnell, adj., ‘quick, speedy, hasty,’ from MidHG. snël (ll), adj., ‘quick, nimble, brave,’ OHG. snël (ll); comp. OSax. and AS. snël (ll), ‘fresh, energetic, courageous,’ Scotch snell, ‘bitter’ (comp. E. keen in the same sense, ModHG. kühn), Du. snel, OIc. snjallr, ‘eloquent, capable, brave.’ The earlier meaning (comp. the ModHG.), was much more general, equiv. perhaps to ‘capable’; comp. bald. This common Teut. adj., unknown only to Goth., passed into Rom.; comp. the cognates of Ital. snello, ‘quick, lively.’ The origin of the Teut. adj. is obscure. — Comp. Schnalle. ModHG. schnellen, vb., ‘to jerk, toss,’ from MidHG. snellen (pret. snalte), ‘to send off with a jerk; move on rapidly.’

Schnepfe, f., ‘snipe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snëpfe, m., OHG. snëpfo, m., snëpfa, f.; comp. Du. snep, MidE. snîpe, E. snipe, from the root snī̆pp. Also AS. snîte, E. snite?. The HG. word passed as sgneppa into the Ital. dials. The origin of the cognates is obscure.

Schneppe, f., ‘nozzle, spout,’ ModHG. only, a phonetic rendering of the earlier LG. snebbe. Comp. Du. sneb, ‘beak’; hence connected with Schnabel.

schneuzen, vb., ‘to blow one's nose, snuff (a candle),’ from the equiv. MidHG. sniuzen, OHG. snûzen; comp. the equiv. Du. snuiten; OIc. snýta. To this Schnauze is allied. The Teut. root snût appears as snutt in MidHG. snuz, ‘clogging of the nose,’ Du. snot, ‘snot’ (snottolf, ‘snotty nose’), AS. snot (tt), E. snot. Allied to a Teut. root snū̆þ, in MidHG. snudel, snuder, ‘stoppage of the nose,’ MidHG. and OHG. snûden, ‘to snort, snore.’

schniegeln, vb., ‘to trim up, dress smartly,’ ModHG. only, allied to a dial. Schniegel, ‘adornment, finery’; unknown to the older dials. Of obscure origin.

Schnippchen, n., ‘snap’ (of the fingers), ModHG. only, allied to schnippen, MidHG. snipfen, (MidG.) snippen, ‘to snap.’ Akin to schnippeln, ‘to snip, chip,’ formed from LG.; comp. Du. snippelen, ‘to cut in pieces, mutilate,’ E. snip. —

schnippig, adj., ‘snappish,’ ModHG. only, formed from Du. snebbig, ‘flippant,’ which is connected with sneb, ‘beak’; allied also to MidE. snibbin, ‘to blame’?.

Schnitt, m., ‘cut, incision, slice, fashion,’ from MidHG. and OHG. snit, ‘cut, wound, circumcision, harvest’; allied to schneiden. So too Schnitte, f., ‘cut, slice, chop,’ from MidHG. snite, OHG. snita, f., ‘slice of bread, morsel. —

Schnittlauch, m., ‘chive,’ from MidHG. snitilouch, OHG. snitilouh, lit. ‘leek for cutting.’ —

schnitzen, vb., ‘to cut, carve, chip,’ MidHG. snitzen, intensive of schneiden, ‘to cut in pieces, carve.’ —

Schnitzer, m., ‘blunder,’ allied to sich schneiden, ‘to deceive oneself’? or to Schnitzel, ‘trifle’?.

schnoben, vb., ‘to snuff, pant,’ ModHG. only, formed from schnauben; so too schnobern, ‘to sniff.’

schnöde, adj, ‘worthless, base, vile, insolent,’ from MidHG. snœde, adj., ‘contemptible, poor, pitiable, trifling, bad, arrogant, ruthless’; in MidHG. the passive sense preponderates, so too in Luther. From the 17th cent. the modern active signification ‘contemptuous’ appears. OHG. *snôdi is not recorded; comp. Du. snood, ‘base, malicious’; OIc. snauðr, ‘poor, needy,’ sneyða, ‘to rob,’ AS. besnyþian, ‘to rob.’ Akin to OIc. snoðenn, ‘thin-haired’; this meaning also belongs to MidHG. snœde, which is therefore identical in form with MidHG. besnoten, ModHG. (dial.) beschnotten, ‘close, sparing.’ The pre-Teut. root snaut. snū̆t, appearing in these cognates, probably meant orig. ‘needy’; it is scarcely connected perhaps with MidHG. and OHG. snûden (see schneuzen), ‘to mock, scorn.’

Schnörkel, m., ‘spiral, scroll,’ ModHG. only, probably akin to OHG. snarha, snaraha, f., ‘noose’?.

Schnucke, f., ‘sheep with a short tail,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. snucke.

schnüffeln, vb., ‘to sniff, smell,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. and Du. snuffelen, ‘to smell,’ allied to Du. snuf, ‘scenting’; comp. E. to snuff, sniff, to snivel (also the subst. snivel, AS. snofl); see the following word.

Schnupfen, m., ‘cold (in the head), rheum,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snū̆pfe, m. and f. The Teut. root snū̆pp contained in these words, with which Schnuppe and OIc. snoppa, f., ‘snout,’ are connected, is identical with the Teut. root snuf (snū̆b) in schnauben and schnüffeln. It may be also allied to the Aryan roots snū̆p and snū̆t (in schneuzen).

Schnuppe, f., ‘candle-snuff,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. snuppe, lit. das Schneuzen, ‘blowing one's nose,’ schneuzen being also used of ‘snuffing a candle’; comp. Du. snuiten, ‘to blow one's nose, snuff a candle,’ E. snuff.

Schnur (1.), f., ‘string, cord, line,’ from MidHG. and OHG. snuor, f., ‘string, bond, rope’; comp. Goth. snôrjô, f., ‘basket, basket-work,’ OIc. snœre, ‘twisted cord,’ Du. snoer, ‘string’; allied to the Aryan root snô, snē̆, ‘to plait’ (comp. nähen), with which AS. snô-d, ‘fillet,’ as well as OIr. snáth, ‘thread,’ is connected.

Schnur (2.), f. (mostly obsolete in the dials. e.g., Swiss and Bav.), ‘daughter-in-law,’ from the equiv. MidHG. snur (snuor), OHG. snura (snora), f.; with this is connected the equiv. derivative MidHG. snürche (OHG. *snurihha). Corresponding to MidLG. snore, AS. snoru, MidE. snore (obsolete in E.), OFris. snore, OIc. snor, snør, ‘daughter-in-law’ (Goth. *snuzô, f., is by chance not recorded). A common Aryan term for ‘daughter-in-law’ (comp. also other terms common to Aryan for degrees of relationship, such as Sohn, Tochter, &c.), in the Aryan form snusã (Sans. snušã, OSlov. snŭcha), and Aryan snusū̆s, in Lat. nurus (for snusus), Gr. νυός (for *σνυσύς). Aryan snusã, wife,’ has been regarded as a derivative of Aryan sū̆nū̆-, ‘son,’ on account of Söhnerin, the Suab. term for Schnur.

schnurren, vb., ‘to hum, whiz, buzz, purr,’ from MidHG. snurren, ‘to rustle, drink (of beasts).’ Allied to ModHG. Schnurre, f., ‘humming-top, farce,’ and the derivative schnurrig, ‘droll’; comp. OHG. snurring, MidHG. snürrinc (also snurrœre), 'buffoon, fool'; perhaps Narr, ‘fool,’ OHG. narro, is a cognate term. —

Schnurre, Schnorre, f., ‘snout, mouth,’ genuine UpG., though not recorded in MidHG. and OHG.; lit. perhaps ‘that which drinks or purrs.’

Schnute, f., ‘muzzle, snout,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. snûte; see Schnauze.

Schober, m., ‘stack, rick,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schober, OHG. scobar, m.;. allied, like Schaub, to schieben.

Schock, n., ‘shock, heap, threescore,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schoc, m.; comp. OSax. scok, ‘threescore,’ Du. schok, ‘threescore.’ Orig. used perhaps only of sixty sheaves; comp. MidHG. schocken, ‘to put com in a heap,’ schoche, ‘rick,’ schoc, ‘heap.’ See Stiege.

schofel, adj., ‘paltry,’ ModHG. only, formed from Hebr. schâfêl, ‘low.’

Schöffe, m., ‘assessor, sheriff, juryman,’ from MidHG. schęffe, schępfe, schęffen, m., ‘presiding judge, assessor,’ OHG. scęffin, scaffin, and scęffino, with the same sense; comp. OLG. scępino, ‘assessor,’ Du. schepen, ‘sheriff.’ The term is not found before the time of Charlemagne, who first created the office of assessor; yet the origin and form of the word points to an earlier period, although Goth. *skapja or *skapeins and the corresponding words in OIc. and AS. are wanting. Teut. skapjan (see schaffen) also signified ‘to arrange, decree, decide,’ hence Schöffe, lit. ‘ordainer’?. From Teut. the office and the term applied to it passed into Rom. as MidLat. scabînus; comp. Ital. scabino, Fr. échevin.

Scholle (1.), f., ‘clod, floe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. scholle, m., OHG. scolla, f., scollo, m.; comp. Du. schol, ‘clod, floe’; prop. a partic. of the root skel, ‘that which is split,’ and is therefore allied to Schale, and with Goth. skilja, ‘butcher,’ OIc. skilja, ‘to divide, separate’;. also with OSax. scola, AS. sčęŏlu (equiv. to E. shoal).

Scholle (2.), f., ‘plaice, sole,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG.; comp. the equiv. Du. schol.

Schöllkraut, see Schellkraut.

schon, adv., ‘already, even,’ from MidHG. schôn, schône, adv., from schœne, adj., ‘beautiful'; the ModHG. sense occurs very seldom in MidHG., and is entirely unknown to the courtly poets; MidHG. schône, OHG. scôno, ‘in a handsome manner,’ are formed without the mutation of schön; comp. fast from fest.

schön, adj., ‘beautiful, handsome, fine,’ from MidHG. schœne, OHG. scôni, ‘shining, bright, splendid, beautiful'; comp. OSax. skôni, ‘shining, light, beautiful,’ AS. sčŷne, ‘beautiful,’ E. sheen. Orig. ‘perceptible, worth seeing, noteworthy’ (comp. laut, lit. ‘that which is heard’); a verbal adj. from the Teut. root skau, ‘to look,’ in OHG. scouwôn (for the formation of the word see rein). Goth. has preserved only the cognate compounds, guþaskaunei, ‘form of God,’ and ibnaskauns, ‘of like appearance with,’ which imply a Goth. *skauns, ‘form’?. At all events, they show that the modern sense ‘beautiful’ did not orig. belong to the word. With the same root are connected the words adduced under schauen and OIc. skjóne, ‘dapple-grey horse,’ skjóme, ‘ray.’ See schon, schonen, and espec. schauen.

Schönbartspiel n., ‘mummery, carnival play,’ a corruption of MidHG. schëmebart, m. (also schëme-houbet), ‘mask,’ connecting the word with the adj. schön; schëmebart is prop. ‘bearded mask,’ from MidHG. schëme, m., ‘shadow, mask.’

schonen, vb., ‘to take care (of), spare, economise,’ from early MidHG. schônen, ‘to treat indulgently, spare'; comp. Du. schoonen; a derivative of the adj. schön. OIc. skaunn,, m., ‘shield,’ is not allied.

Schoner, m., ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. E. schooner.

Schooß, see Schoß.

Schopf (1.), m., ‘top, crest, tuft,’ from MidHG. schopf, m., ‘hair on the top of the head,’ OHG. *scopf, and Goth. *skuppa- are wanting; in OHG. and Goth. skuft is used, OIc. skopt, ‘hair of the head,’ allied also to OIc. skupla, ‘old woman's hat.’ In the non-Teut. languages corresponding terms are wanting.

Schopf (2.), UpG. shed, stable'; see Schuppen

schöpfen, vb., ‘to draw (water, &c.),’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. schępfen; comp. OSax. skęppian, Du. scheppen, ‘to draw (water).’ The verbal root skap does not occur elsewhere in this sense; the same dials. have also corresponding noun derivatives. Under Scheffel a root skap, ‘to contain,’ is deduced; with this the cognates of schaffen are also primit. allied. See Schoppen.

Schöpfer, m., ‘creator,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schępfœre, OHG. scępfâri, allied to MidHG. scępfen (scaffan), ‘to create.’

Schöppe, m., LG. form of Schöffe.

Schoppen (1.), m., ‘pint,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. schopen; connected with MidHG. schuofe, f., ‘scoop’?.

Schoppen (2.), see Schuppen.

Schöps, m., ‘wether, mutton, simpleton,’ an East MidG. and Bav. word (unknown to Hess., Rhen., and Francon.), from MidHG. schöpeȥ, schopeȥ, m., ‘wether, mutton’; borrowed in the MidHG. period from Slav. Comp. Czech skopec, ‘wether,’ OSlov. skopĭcĭ, ‘eunuch,’ allied to skopiti, ‘to castrate.’

Schorf, m., ‘scurf, scab,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schorf, OHG. scorf, m.; corresponding to MidDu. scorf, ModDu. schurft, AS. sčęorf, scurf, E. scurf, Ic. skurfur, ‘scurf, scab.’ Comp. schürfen.

Schornstein, m., ‘chimney,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schornstein, schorstein, m.; comp. Du. schoorsteen; prob. allied to AS. sčęorian, ‘to project,’ E. to shore, Du. schoor, ‘support, brace’?.

Schoß (1.), m., ‘‘shoot, sprout, sprig,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schoȥ (ȥȥ), n., and with the same meaning even OHG. scoȥ, n., and scoȥȥa, f.; allied to the root skū̆t, ‘to shoot.’ From the OHG. word with the LG. dental is derived Fr. écot, ‘stump of a tree.’ To this ModHG. Schößling, from MidHG. schüȥȥelinc, is allied.

Schoß (2.), ‘tax, scot,’ from MidHG. (MidG.) schoȥ, m., ‘tax, rent’; comp. Du. schot, AS. sčęot (E. scot), ‘tax, score.’ The great antiquity of the West Teut. cognates is attested by the Rom. loan-words, Ital. scotto, ‘score,’ Fr. écot, ‘score.’ The Teut. words are formed from the root skū̆t, ‘to shoot,’ which in AS. sceótan, ‘to shoot,’ has also the secondary meaning, ‘to contribute money.’

Schoß (3.), Schooß, m., ‘lap,’ from MidHG. schôȥ, m., f., and n., OHG. scôȥ, scôȥo, scôȥa, m. and f., ‘skirt of a garment, petticoat, lap’ (to this Lombard. scoss, ‘lap,’ is allied). Comp. Goth. skauts, m., ‘border, hem of a garment,’ OIc. skaut, n., ‘tuft, corner, end, skirt,’ AS. sčeát, ‘corner, wedge, bosom’ (whence AS. sčŷte, ‘cloth,’ E. sheet), Du. schoot; allied to the root skū̆t, ‘to shoot.’ It is uncertain whether the orig. sense was a descending or hanging part of the dress or a projecting corner of the land, or whether (as in the similar cases of Franse and Gehren) the skirt was so named from its resemblance to a missile?. See Schote (2).

Schote, Schaude, m., ‘simpleton,’ ModHG. only, formed from Hebr. schôtèh, ‘foolish.’

Schote (1.), f., ‘pod, cod, shell,’ from MidHG. schôte, schotte, f., ‘pod, seed-case, pericarp’; allied to OIc. skauðer, pl., ‘sheath.’ Connected with the root skū̆, ‘to cover,’ which is discussed under Scheune.

Schote (2.), f., ‘sheet’ (of a sail), ModHG. only, formed from LG.; comp. Du. schooten, AS. sčeáta, ‘pes veli’ (sceát-lîne, ‘propes’), E. sheet. These are identical with HG. Schoß (3). The AS. word is recorded the earliest; comp. Boot, Ebbe. From LG. is also derived Ital. scotta, ‘cable.’

schraffieren, vb., ‘to hatch (drawings),’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Du. schrafferen (Ital. sgraffiare).

schräg, adj., ‘aslant, oblique,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. (rare) schręge; allied to UpG. Schragen, from MidHG. schrage, m., ‘wooden cross-legs of a table’; comp. Du. schraag, ‘aslant, trestle.’ Probably from an Aryan root skrak, ‘to be aslant,’ which, with the final consonant modified and nasalised, appears as skrang in schränken.

Schramme, f., ‘slight wound or scratch,’ from MidHG. schram (mm), f., ‘sword wound’; comp. Du. schram, ‘scratch,’ OIc. skráma, ‘wound’; allied to MidHG. schramen, ‘to open, tear open,’ schram, ‘hole.’

Schrank, m., ‘cupboard, chest, press,’ from MidHG. schranc (k), m., ‘that which shuts off, railing, enclosure, barrier, enclosing, space shut off, cupboard.’ From the meaning ‘enclosure, space shut off,’ which still appears in the fem. form Schranke, the early ModHG. signification ‘cupboard’ was developed. The corresponding OHG. scranch, m., ‘deception, deceit,’ points to the vb. schränken, root skrank, ‘oblique.’ The subst. does not occur elsewhere; in Francon., Hess., and LG. Schank is used; in Swiss chašte or šăfrâti, Alsat. špint. See the following words.

Schranke, f., ‘railing, barrier, limit,’ from MidHG. schranke, f., with the same meanings as MidHG. schranc, m.; see the preceding word.

schränken, vb., ‘to cross, entwine, enclose with a railing, limit,’ from MidHG. schręnken, ‘to lay aslant, fence in, plait,’ OHG. skręnchen, ‘to lay aslant, deceive,’ MidE. schręnchen, ‘to cheat.’ The root implied is Teut. skrank, Aryan skrang (see Schrank), which is identical with the Aryan root skrak appearing in schräg.

Schranz, m., ‘flatterer, parasite; slit, cleft,’ from MidHG. schranz, m., ‘breach, rift, cleft, hole, wound, slashed garment, an overdressed young man (with slashed sleeves, &c.), fop’; with the last of these varied meanings ModHG. Hofschranze, ‘flattering courtier,’ is connected. On the other hand, the prim. meaning ‘rift’ points to a connection with Schrunde, so that two roots skrant and skrand, have to be assumed in Teut.

schrappen, vb., ‘to scrape,’ ModHG. only, from LG. schrappen, an intensive form of Du. schrapen, schrabben, ‘to scratch,’ MidE. scrapien (schrapien), E. to scrape, OIc. skrapa. From the LG. cognates OFr. escraper, ‘to scratch off,’ is derived. See further under schröpfen and schrubben.

Schraube, f., ‘screw,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. schrûbe, f.; allied to Du. schroef (E. screw), Ic. skrúfa; these terms, some of which may have been borrowed, and hence do not correspond exactly in sound, are essentially ModTeut. Note Suab. schrauf, Bav. schraufen (compared with Swiss štrûbe). Origin obscure.

Schreck, m., ‘fright, terror, scare,’ from MidHG. schrëcke, m., allied to schrecken, vb., from MidHG. schrëcken, OHG. scrëcchôn, ‘to start up, spring up, spring, leap'; the early sense (comp. the evolution in meaning of sich entsetzen) is preserved in the compound Heuschrecke. From this vb. comes the causative schręcken, ‘to cause to spring up, terrify.’ In connection with the intensive form OHG. scrëcchón, comp. further OHG. scricch, MidHG. schric(ck), m., ‘starting up suddenly, fright'; Du. schrikken, ‘to frighten,’ Scand. skrika, ‘to glide.’ The root is essentially HG.

Schrei, m., ‘cry, scream,’ from MidHG. schrî, schrei, OHG. screi, m.. ‘cry, call, shout,’ allied to schreien, MidHG. schrîen, OHG. scrîan, str. vb., ‘to cry out.’ The str. verbal root skrī̆, which is without doubt genuinely Teut., is wanting in the other OTeut. dials.

schreiben, vb., ‘to write,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schrîben, OHG. scrîban; corresponding to the equiv. Du. schrijven, OSax. scrîƀan, OFris. skríva. Also with a remarkably divergent meaning, AS. scrîfan, ‘to inflict a punishment, impose penance, receive confession,’ E. to shrive, AS. scrift, E. shrift, so too OFris. scrîva, ‘to inflict a punishment,’ OIc. skript, ‘confession, punishment,’ skripta, ‘to confess, cause to confess, punish.’ In the latter cognates there appears at all events a genuine Teut. verbal root, skrī̆b, ‘to inflict a punishment,’ which was transferred by Christianity to ecclesiastical affairs; with this root OSax. biscrîƀan, ‘to concern oneself about,’ is also probably connected. On the adoption of Roman characters, and the introduction of the art of writing (in contrast to the earlier Runic system; see reißen, Buch, and Rune), Lat. scrîbere was now combined with this genuine Teut. vb., and in the South of Germany entirely supplanted the meaning of the old scrîban; comp. Brief and Tinte. In UpG. especially, scrîban, ‘to write,’ took firm root, as might have been expected; in E. the AS. vb. wrîtan (E. to write), orig. used of scratching runes, was retained.

schreien, see Schrei.

Schrein, m., ‘box, chest. shrine, coffin,’ from MidHG. schrîn, m. and n., ‘chest for clothes, money, or valuables, coffin,’ OHG. scrìni, n.; comp. the corresponding Du. schrijn, AS. scrîn, E. shrine, Scand. skrín. From Rom. and Lat. scrînium, ‘box, case for papers, &c., escritoire,’ whence also Ital. scrigno, ‘clothes-press,’ Fr. écrin, ‘casket.’ The diffusion of the term through the old West Teut. languages makes it probable that the Lat. word was borrowed at an early period, — contemporaneously with Arche, Kiste and Sack?.

schreiten, vb., ‘to step, stride, stalk,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schrîten, OHG. scrîtan, MidHG. also ‘to leap into the saddle.’ Comp. OSax. skrîðan, skrîdan, ‘to stride, go’ (ti-scrîdan, ‘to dissolve’), Du. schrijden, ‘to stride,’ AS. scrîðan, ‘to stride, go, wander’ (whence E. to stride is allied?), OIc. skrîða, ‘to crawl, glide.’ The signification of the OTeut. verbal root skrìþ (skrī̆d), Aryan skrī̆t, was at first general (perhaps ‘to move slowly’), in contrast to the special sense in ModHG.

Schrift, f., ‘writing, letters, inscription,’ from MidHG. schrift, OHG. skrift, f., a verbal abstract from schreiben, connected with Lat. scriptum.

schrill, adj., ‘shrill,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. LG. schrell; comp. MidE. schrillen, E. to shrill, AS. scralletan, ‘to sound loudly,’ Scand. skrölta, ‘to sound loudly.’ Teut. and Aryan root skrel, skral.

Schritt, m., ‘step, stride, gait,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schrit, OHG. scrit, m.; a verbal abstract from schreiten; in OHG. also scriti-mâl, -mëȥ.

schroff, adj., ‘rugged, rough, steep,’ ModHG. only, allied to MidHG. schrof (v), schroffe, schrove, m., ‘rocky cliff, stone wall’; allied to early MidHG. schruffen, ‘to split,’ OHG. scrëvôn, ‘to cut into’ (scrëvanga, ‘incision’), MidHG. schraf, ‘rocky cliff,’ AS. scrœf, ‘cave.’

schröpfen, vb., ‘to crop young wheat, tap (trees), cup,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schrępfen, schręffen; comp. AS. scrëpan, ‘to scratch’; also LG. schrappen, prop. an intensive form. The prim. meaning of the Teut. root skrëp is ‘to scratch, cut into’ (to this scharf is allied?). Ital. scaraffare, ‘to snatch away,’ is borrowed from HG.

Schrot, n., ‘block, log of wood, shot, groats,’ from MidHG. schrôt, m., ‘cut, incision, piece cut or sawed off,’ OHG. scrôt, ‘cut’; allied to schroten, MidHG. schrôten, OHG. scrôtan, ‘to hew, cut, cut off, hack to pieces,’ MidHG. also ‘to cut out clothes’ (whence schrôtœre, ‘tailor,’ and the proper name Schröter), ‘to roll, revolve.’ Comp. Scand. skrjôðr, ‘torn book,’ AS. screádian, ‘to cut,’ E. to shred, to which also AS. scrûd, ‘dress,’ E. shroud, are allied. Root skrū̆d from skrū̆t?. With this is connected Lat. scrûtari, ‘to examine,’ to which AS. scrudnian and OHG. scrotôn, ‘to examine,’ are allied?. ModHG. Hornschröter, ‘horn-beetle,’ from MidHG. schrœtel, lit. ‘gnawer.’

schrötig, in ein verschrötiger Baum, ‘a tree from which four posts can be made,’ early ModHG. only, is probably connected with OHG. viorscôȥȥi, ‘four-cornered’; comp. MidDu. vierscoot, ‘square-built, thick-set,’ earlier LG. vierschötig, ‘four-cornered’; comp. Schoß (3).

schrubben, vb., ‘to scrub, rough-plane,’ ModHG. only, from LG.; comp. Du. schrobben, ‘to scour,’ E. (borrowed) to scrub. Probably connected with schrappen.

Schrulle, f., ‘freak, whim,’ early ModHG. only, allied to Du. schrollen, ‘to revile, be discontented.’

schrumpfen, vb., ‘to shrink, shrivel, crumble,’ from MidHG. schrimpfen, ‘to wrinkle’; allied probably to E. shrimp, Du. schrompelen, Swed. skrumpa, Dan. skrumpe (E. scrimp). Besides the Teut. root skrimp contained in these cognates there is also an equiv. Teut. root rimp (see rümpfen), krimp (comp. Du. krimpen, AS. crimpan, ‘to shrivel’), as well as skrink, in AS. sčrincan, E. to shrink.

Schrunde, f., ‘cleft, gap, crevice,’ from MidHG. schrunde, f., ‘rift, notch, rocky cave’; comp. the equiv. OHG. scrunta, scruntunna, Allied to OHG. scrintan, MidHG. schrinden, ‘to burst, fly open, crack.’ Teut. root skrend, from Pre-Teut. skrent; comp. Lith. skrentu (skręsti), ‘to form into a crust.’

Schub, m., ‘shove, push, thrust,’ from MidHG. schup, m.; allied to schieben.

schüchtern, adj., ‘shy, timid, bashful,’ early ModHG. only, allied to scheu, root skuh (skeuh)?. It may be connected even with the abnormal OHG. skihtîg, ‘shy,’ but we must assume the influence of MidHG. schiuhen on the stem vowel; see scheu.

Schuft, m., ‘wretch, rascal, scamp,’ ModHG. only, formed from LG. schuft, Du. schoft, which is usually derived from LG. schuf ût, ‘thrust out’; comp. Du. schavuit, ‘rascal,’ lit. ‘scrape out’; hence Schuft, lit. ‘offscouring’?.

Schuh, m., ‘shoe,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schuoch (h), OHG. scuoh, m.; a common Teut. word; comp. the equiv. OSax. skôh, Du. schoen, AS. sčęôh, E. shoe, OIc. skór, Goth. skôhs, m., which point to primit. Teut. skôha-, skôhwa-, from pre-Teut. *skõqos. A pre-Teut. verbal root skē̆q (skō̆q) appears in Goth. skêwjan, OIc. skœ́va, ‘to go,’ and in schicken; hence Schuh, ‘walking gear’?. See further Schuster.

Schuhu, m., ‘horned owl,’ ModHG. only, borrowed from Fr. chouette (Ital. ciovetta), ‘screech-owl,’ and influenced by Uhu, ‘horned owl.’

Schuld, f., ‘debt, crime, guilt,’ from MidHG. schult (d) and schulde. OHG. sculd, sculda, f., ‘obligation, debt, culpability, sin’; comp. OSax. sculd, f., ‘debt, culpability, sin’; AS. sčyld, ‘guilt, sin.’ An old verbal abstract from the root skal, which appears also in Lith. skolà, ‘guilt,’ skìlti, ‘to get into debt,’ and skelěti, ‘to be indebted,’ as well as in Pruss. skallisnan, ‘duty’; Lat. scelus does not appear to be connected with it.

Schule, f., ‘school,’ from MidHG. schuole, f., ‘school, university,’ OHG. scuola, f., ‘school’; comp. Du. school, AS. scôl (scôlu), E. school (OIc. skôle, ‘school,’ is of E. origin). Borrowed at the same period as the ecclesiastical words from Lat. scôla, as pronounced in Rom. scôla (with regard to Lat. ŏ see prüfen); comp. Brief, Dom, and Priester. —

Schüler, m., ‘scholar, pupil,’ MidHG. schuolœre, OLG. scuolâri.

Schulter, f., ‘shoulder,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schulter, OHG. scultarra, f., corresponding to Du. schouder, AS. sculdor, E. shoulder, Dan. skulder, Swed. skuldra. This undoubtedly genuine Teut. word is wanting in Goth.; its origin is obscure.

Schultheiß, m., ‘chief magistrate,’ from MidHG. schultheiȥe (schultheitze), m., ‘he who assigns duties, judge,’ OHG. scultheiȥô, scultheitzo, m., ‘tribunus, praefectus, centurio.’ It is remarkable that “this term, purely judicial in its etymological origin, should have been transferred to captains of an army” in OHG., and “that this judicial term does not appear in the older laws, except in the Lombardic, although it has been diffused from the Middle Ages till the present day throughout the greatest part of Germany.” Comp. LG. schulte, from schuldhete, Du. schout (from scholdhete), ‘village magistrate,’ Fris. skeldata, skelta; AS. sčyldhœ̂ta; the compound is wanting in Goth. The ModHG. form Schulze (also as a proper name; comp. LG. Schulte) is based on MidHG. schuldheize (as well as -heiȥe), OHG. schuldheizo (as well as -heiȥo), and ultimately on Goth. *haitja (tj produces tz, but ti changes into ȥi, see Grüße, Weizen).

Schulz, see the preceding word.

Schund, m., ‘offal, refuse, excrement,’ ModHG. only, recently derived from schinden. Orig. perhaps ‘filth of the sewer.’

Schupf, m., ‘push, jerk,’ from MidHG. schupf, m., ‘swing, rocking movement,’ allied to MidHG. schupfen, ‘to waver,’ OHG. scupfa, ‘see-saw’; intensive forms of schieben.

Schuppe, f., ‘scale (of fish, &c.),’ from the equiv. MidHG. schuoppe (schuope, schuppe), m., OHG. scuoppa, f. Comp. Du. schob, ‘scale’; a derivative of the Teut. root skab (skôb), ‘to shave, scrape.’

Schüppe, f., ‘spade, shovel,’ ModHG., only, from East MidG. and LG. schüppe, comp. Du. schup, schop, ‘shovel, spade,’ allied to schupfen. — Schüppen, ‘spade (at cards),’ is identical with Schüppe, and is formed on the model of Fr. pique. Comp. Du. schoppen, ‘spade (at cards).’

Schuppen, Schoppen, m., ‘shed, coach-house,’ ModHG. only, formed from MidG. and LG.; corresponding to AS. sčypen. E. dial. shippen, ‘stable’; in OHG. and MidHG. schopf, schof (Bav. and Alem. Schopf), ‘structure without walls, penthouse, vestibule.’ Comp. AS. sčęoppa, ‘hull, hut,’ E. shop (from AS. is also probably derived Fr. échoppe, ‘booth’).

Schur, f., ‘shearing, vexation, fleecing,’ from MidHG. schuor, m. and f., ‘shearing,’ a graded form of the root skē̆r, skō̆r, ‘to shear.’

schüren, vb., ‘to stir, poke,’ from MidHG. schürn, ‘to urge on, irritate, stir (the fire)’; allied to MidHG. schorn, ‘to sweep together,’ MidHG. schor, OHG. scora (Goth. skaúrô), ‘shovel.’

schürfen, vb., ‘to scratch, scrape, dig,’ from MidHG. schürfen, schürpfen, ‘to cut up,’ to which schürfœre, ‘flayer, executioner,’ OHG. scurfen, ‘to cut up,’ and AS. scrëpan, sceorpan, are allied. Probably connected with the root skrëp, skërp, ‘to be sharp.’ See scharf, schrappen, and schröpfen.

Schurke, m., ‘rascal, knave, villain,’ ModHG. only, allied to OHG. fir-scurgo, ‘rascal,’ which is connected with fir-scurigen, ‘to thrust away.’

Schurz, m., Schürze, f., ‘apron,’ from MidHG. schurz, m., ‘shortened garment, apron’; allied to OHG. scurz, ‘short,’ AS. sčęort, E. short, whence also MidHG. schürzen, ‘to shorten, tuck up the dress under the girdle to make it shorter below, gird up.’ A Teut. derivative skurtjôn is also indicated by AS. *sčyrte, E. shirt, OIc. skyrta, ‘shirt’ (OIc. skorta, ‘to be in want of’). These genuinely Teut. cognates imply a Teut. root skrt (MidHG. schërze, m., ‘piece cut off’), which has not yet been found elsewhere. With regard to the union of this word with Lat. curtus in some languages, see under kurz.

Schüssel, f., ‘dish, platter,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schüȥȥel, OHG. scuȥȥila, f.; comp. Du. schotel, ‘dish,’ AS. scutel, OIc. skutell, m., ‘dish, small table.’ With regard to the meaning see Tisch, with which it was borrowed, probably contemporaneously (about the 6th cent.) with the adoption of Roman cookery, from Lat. scutula, scutella, ‘small dish.’ Comp. further from the same source AS. scutel, E. scuttle; also Fr. écuelle (scutella), Ital. scodella, ‘bowl.’

Schuster, m., ‘shoemaker, cobbler,’ from the equiv. MidHG. schuoch-sûtœre, m.; OHG. and MidHG. also merely sûtâri, sûtœ̂re, m., ‘cobbler’; corresponding to AS. sûtêre, Northern E. and Scotch souter. Borrowed from Lat. sutor, with a G. suffix denoting the agent; sûtâri, as a genuine Teut. derivative from the Teut. root sī̆w, ‘to sew,’ discussed under Saum and Säule, is not probable. The genuine G. word for the UpG. Schuster is MidHG. schuochwürhte (allied to wirken), which has been preserved only in the proper names Schuchart or Schubert.

Schuß, m., ‘shot, report, charge,’ from MidHG. schuȥ (ȥȥ), OHG. scuȥ (ȥȥ), m., ‘shot’; allied to the root skū̆t, ‘to shoot.’ See schießen.

Schüte, f., ‘barge, ferryboat,’ ModHG. only, derived, like Du. schuit and E. skute, from OIc. skúta, f., ‘small swift boat.’ Allied to the root skū̆t, ‘to shoot’ (see schießen). With regard to ModHG. ü comp. Büse.

Schutt, m., ‘rubbish, refuse, debris,’ ModHG. only; in MidHG., schüt, f., ‘alluvium, deposition (of soil), rubbish’; allied to ModHG. schütten, ‘to shed, pour, discharge, heap up,’ MidHG. schüten, ‘to shake, swing, shed’; OHG. scutten, scuten (Ital. scotolare, ‘to beat flax’); comp. OSax. skuddian, ‘to shake, convulse,’ Du. schudden, ‘to shake, convulse.’ Teut. root skū̆d, ‘to convulse, shake,’ with which MidHG. and ModHG. schütteln, OHG. scutilôn, and ModHG. schüttern are connected as frequentatives. See schaudern.

Schutz, m., ‘protection, defence, dike, fence,’ from MidHG. schuz (tz), m., ‘surrounding with a dike, protection,’ allied to ModHG. schützen.

Schütze, m., ‘marksman, archer,’ from MidHG. schütze, m., ‘cross-bowman,’ also late MidHG., ‘beginner, young pupil’ (to which ModHG. ABC-schütze, ‘pupil beginning to read, tyro,’ is allied); OHG. scuzzo, m., ‘sagitarius’ (equiv. to AS. sčytta, Goth. *skutja). Allied to the root skū̆t; see schießen.

schützen, vb., ‘to protect, guard, defend, shelter,’ from MidHG. schützen, ‘to embank, dam up, protect,’ which, according to MidHG. beschüten, ‘to protect,’ implies OHG. *skutisôn. The prim. meaning is evident from MidHG. schüte, schüt, f., ‘earth-wall’ which is identical with Schutt.

schwach, adj., ‘weak, infirm, feeble,’ from MidHG. swach, adj., ‘low, poor, despised, weak, infirm’; wanting in OHG. as well as in the other Teut. dials. The usual derivation from a Teut. root swek, ‘to swell’ (schwach, orig. ‘that which has lost its savour’), must be abandoned; schwach is rather allied to siech, so that the Teut. roots suk, swak, are to be assumed (comp. the following word).

Schwaden, Schwadem, m., ‘vapour, damp, exhalation,’ from MidHG. swadem, swaden, m., ‘vapour’; allied to North Fris. swesh, AS. swaðul, m., ‘smoky vapour,’ OHG. swëdan, ‘to burn slowly with a smoky flame.’ The Teut. root sweþ contained in these words seems to correspond to the root sū̆þ contained in sieden (comp. suk, swak, under the preceding word; see toll).

Schwadron, f., ‘squadron,’ ModHG. only, formed from the equiv. Ital. squadrone (Fr. escadron). —

schwadronieren, see schwätzen.

Schwager, m., ‘brother-in-law,’ from MidHG. and MidLG. swâger, m., ‘brother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law’ (with regard to the variation in meaning see Neffe); OHG. *swâgar is not recorded; a specifically G. word, unknown to the OTeut. dials. Since the word is cognate with Schwaher and Schwieger, and has also an archaic gradation, an Aryan form swêkró-s may be assumed for Schwager (note OIc. svœ́ra, from *swâhrjon, ‘mother-in-law’). See the following word.

Schwäher, m., ‘father-in-law,’ from MidHG. swëher, OHG. swëhur, m., ‘father-in-law,’ late OHG. also ‘brother-in-law’; comp. AS. sweór (from sweohor), ‘father-in-law’ (obsolete even at the end of the AS. period), Goth. swaihra, ‘father-in-law.’ A primit. Teut. and old Aryan word, with the primary form swekros, swekuros; comp. Gr. ἑκυρός, Lat. socer (for *swecuro-), Sans. çváçuras (tor *svaçuras), OSlov. swkrŭ, Lith. szészuras, ‘father-in-law.’ The orig. sense of the common Aryan word cannot be ascertained; it is, however, cognate with Schwager (Aryan swêkrós) and Schwester (Aryan swésô). Corresponding to the now almost obsolete Schwäher, there has existed from primit. Teut. times a fem. swekrũ, ‘mother-in-law,’ just as from Sans. çvaçrũ (for *svaçrũ) are derived Lat. socrûs (for *swecrus), Gr. ἑκυρά (the Goth. form must have been *swigrus, f., for which swaíhrô is used). The word was current in AS. as swëger, which also became obsolete at an early period. Only in G. was it retained, OHG. swigar, MidHG. swiger, f., ‘mother-in-law,’ from which ModHG., constructed the tautological compound Schwiegermutter, while the corresponding ModHG. masc. Swiegervater, formed from the latter, supplanted tho old term Schwäher; similarly we have the compounds Schwiegereltern, -sohn, -tochter, &c. It is evident that the mother-in-law plays a more important rôle in marriage than the father-in-law.

Schwalbe, f.,‘swallow,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swalwe, OHG. swalawa, f.; a common Teut. term; corresponding to the equiv. Du. zwaluw, AS. swealwe, E. swallow, OIc. svala (gen. svǫlu), f., ‘swallow.’ No certain explanation can be given of the prim. form swalwôn, f.; perhaps it represents swalgwôn-, pre-Teut. swalkuân, to which Gr. ἀλκύων is also traced.

Schwalch, m., ‘gullet, opening in a furnace,’ from MidHG. swalch, m., ‘gullet,’ allied to schwelgen.

Schwall, m., ‘swell, billow, flood,’ from MidHG. swal(ll), m., ‘swollen mass’; allied to schwellen.

Schwamm, n., ‘sponge, fungus,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swam (mm), swamp (b), m., OHG. swam (mm), swamb, m.; comp. Goth. swamms, ‘sponge,’ OIc. svǫppr, ‘‘sponge.’ Within these groups, which are very possibly connected together, we must distinguish three words, probably of different origin, of which the Goth. stems were swamma-, *swamba-, and *swampu-. In ModHG. the first two forms lave been united; to the second form Gr. σομφός (for σξο-), ‘spongy, loose, porous,’ is primit. allied; the first is formed from schwimmen.

Schwan, m., ‘swan,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swane, swan, m., OHG. swan, m. (swana, f.); corresponding to Du. zwaan, AS. swǫn, E. swan, OIc. svanr, m., ‘swan’; Goth. *swans is by chance not recorded. Probably allied to the Sans. root svan, ‘to rustle, resound’ (comp. Hahn, allied to Lat. canere), Lat. sonare (for *svonare); prop. only of the singing swan?.

schwanen, vb., ‘to presage, forebode,’ ModHG. only, lit. ‘to have a presentiment,’ like the swan that sings before its death.

Schwang, m., only in the phrase im Schwange sein, ‘to be in vogue,’ from MidHG. swanc (g or k), m., ‘swinging motion, swinging, stroke, cut’; allied to schwingen.

schwanger, adj., ‘pregnant, teeming,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swanger, OHG. swangar; comp. Du. zwanger, ‘pregnant,’ but AS. swǫngor, ‘awkward, idle’; the latter meaning makes the derivation from schwingen improbable. AS. has also the curious form swǫncor; see schwank.

Schwank, m.. ‘prank, drollery, farce,’ from late MidHG. swanc (g or k), m., ‘prank, trick, an anecdote about it,’ identical with MidHG. swanc, ‘swing, stroke, cut’ (see Schwang), OHG. swanch, m., allied to swingan (just as OHG. chlanch to chlingan; see Klang).

schwank, adj., ‘staggering, insteady,’ from MidHG. swanc (k), adj., ‘pliant, thin, slender’; so too the equiv. MidHG. kel, AS. swgneor, OIc. svang-r; allied to the root swing, in schwingen; hence schwant is lit. ‘easily swung, pliant.’ With the Teut. cognates Ital. sguancio, ‘wryness,’ has been connected. .

Schwanz, mn., ‘tail, trail, train,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swanz, m. (for OHG. *swanz a form zagal, MidHG. zagel, equiv. to E. tail, is used). Through the medium of the intensive forms swangezen, swankzen, MidHG. swanz is connected with schwingen: MidHG. swansen, ‘to shake to and fro,’ Du. swanselen, ‘to reel.’

Schwäre, f., ‘ulcer, boil, sore,’ from MidHG. swër, OHG. swëro, m., ‘physical pain, disease, swelling, ulcer’; allied to MidHG. swërn, OHG. swëran, ‘to hurt, pain, fester, ulcerate.’ The root swer orig. perhaps ‘to press, torment’; comp. the Sans. root svṛ, ‘to torment, injure.’ See schwer and Geschwür.

Schwarm, m., ‘swarm, cluster, throng,’ from MidHG. swarm, OHG. swaram, m., ‘swarm (of bees)’; allied to the Sans. root svar, ‘to rustle, resound.’ Comp. AS. swearm, ‘swarm (of bees),’ E. swarm, OIc. svarmr. See schwirren.

Schwarte, t., ‘thick, hard skin; rind, bark, from MidHG. swarte, swart, f., ‘hairy scalp, hairy or feathered skin’ (OHG. *swarta, f., is by chance not recorded). A common Teut. word; comp. Du. zwoord, ‘bacon rind,’ OFris. swarde, ‘scalp,’ AS. sweard, MidE. sward, ‘skin,’ OIc. svǫrðr, ’scalp, skin, whale-hide’; Goth. *swardus, f., ‘scalp.’ Origin obscure. Note the evolution in meaning of E. sward, Scand. jarðan-svǫrðr, gras-svǫrðr, Dan. jord-, grönswœrd.

schwarz, adj., ‘black, swarthy, gloomy,’ from MidHG. and OHG. swarz, ‘dark-coloured, black’; a common Teut. term, most of the words denoting colour, except the recent loan-words, being part of the primit. Teut. vocabulary (comp. gelb, rot, braun, &c.); Goth. swarts, OIc. svartr, AS. sweart, E. swart, Du. zwart, OSax. swart. OIc. sorta, ‘black colour,’ sorte, ‘black cloud,’ and Surtr are in a different stage of gradation. The common Teut. shwarta- is usually connected with Lat. sordes (for *svordes?), ‘dirt,’ and suâsum (for *suarsum), ‘black colour, dirty spot’; Lat. surdus ‘deaf,’ has also been referred, but with less probability, to the root sword, surd, ‘dark.’

schwätzen, vb., ‘to chatter, prate, gossip,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swętzen, allied to MidHG. swaz (tz), ‘talking, chattering’; an intensive form of a Teut. root swaþ. Comp. MidHG. swadern, swatern, ‘to chatter, rustle, clatter,’ of which the simply ModHG. schwadronieren is a Rom. derivative. There is no relation to Lat. suadere. Origin obscure.

schweben, vb., ‘to soar, hover,’ from MidHG. swëben, OHG. swëbên, ‘to soar, move to and from in or on water or in the air’; allied to OIc. svífa, ‘to rove, ramble,’ OHG. sweibôn, MidHG. sweiben, ‘to soar. roam.’ The Aryan root swiþ, ‘to move.’ on which these words are based, had also a variant swib preserved in ModHG. schweifen.

Schwefel, m., ‘brimstone, sulphur,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swëvel, swëbel, OHG. swëval, swëbal, m.; the f of the ModHG. form can only be explained by the influence of LG., as is shown by the double forms in MidHG. and OHG. A common Teut. word; comp. Du. zwavel, AS. swefl, Swed. swafvel, Goth. swibls, ‘sulphur.’ Lat. sulpur (for *suplur?) is probably not allied. If the OTeut. swebloz, ‘sulphur,’ is a primit. loan-word, it may perhaps be connected with the old Aryan root swep, ‘to sleep’ (Sans. svápnas, Lat. somnus, Gr. ὕπνος, AS. swëfn); comp. AS. swębban, ‘to kill,’ OIc. svœ́fa, ‘to kill, lull to sleep’; Schwefel may then be lit. ‘stifling, killing, soporific stuff.’

Schweif, m., ‘tail, train, suite,’ from MidHG. sweif, m., ‘rotation, encircling band, trimming of a garment, tail,’ OHG. sweif, OIc. sveipr, ‘encircling band’; allied to OHG. sweifan, ‘to cause to rotate, turn.’ With the Teut. root swaip, Gr. σόβη, ‘horsetail,’ cannot be connected. See the following word.

schweifen, vb., ‘to roam, rove, wander,’ from MidHG. sweifen, OHG. sweifan, ‘to cause to rotate, swing, wind’; comp. AS. swâpan, ‘to swing, sweep, tear,’ E. to swoop, to sweep, to which AS. and E. swift, Du. zweep, and LG. swipe, ‘whip,’ are allied.

schweigen, vb., ‘to keep silence, be silent,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swîgen, OHG. swigên; comp. OSax. swîgôn, Du. swijgen, OFris. swîgia, AS. swī̆gian, ‘to be silent.’ The connection with Gr. σϊγάω, σῖγή, ‘silence,’ is undoubted, in spite of the abnormal correspondence of Gr. γ to Teut. g (for k); we must assume a double Aryan root swī̆g, swī̆q (the latter for the West Teut. words). ModHG. schweigen, vb., ‘to silence,’ from MidHG. and OHG. sweigen, ‘to reduce to silence,’ is a factitive of the foregoing schweigen.

Schwein, n., ‘pig, hog,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. swîn, n.; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. swîn, Du. zwijn, AS. swîn, E. swine, OIc. svín, Goth. swein. These imply a primit. Teut. swîno-m, n., ‘pig,’ which must have been orig. a dimin. of Sau, ‘sucking pig, young pig’ (the OTeut. suffix -îna- was a favourite one in designating the young of animals; see Küchlein and Füllen), in the form of su-îna-m, ‘the young of the sow’ (primit. Teut. sû, ‘sow’). On account of the great prolificness of pigs, and hence the immense number of young pigs, the dimin. was used for the species?.

Schweiß, m., ‘sweat, perspiration,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. sweiȥ, m.; MidHG. also ‘blood,’ a meaning still current among sportsmen (so too schweißen, ‘to bleed’); OSax. swêt, ‘sweat,’ AS. swât, ‘sweat, blood,’ E. sweat, Du. zweet. For the Teut. root swī̆t, swait, Aryan swoid, swī̆d, see under schwißen; comp. Sans. svẽda-s, m., Lat. sudor (from *svoidos), ‘sweat.’ To this is allied schweißen, vb., ‘to begin to melt, weld,’ from MidHG. sweiȥen, sweitzen, ‘to weld, OHG. sweiȥen, ‘to roast, broil.’

schwelen, vb., ‘to burn slowly, smoulder,’ ModHG. only, from LG. For the Teut. root swel in OHG. swilizôn, ‘to burn slowly’, and AS. swëlan, ‘to glow,’ see under schwül.

schwelgen, vb. ‘to guzzle, carouse, revel,’ from MidHG. swëlgen, swëlhen, ‘to swallow, gulp down, drink,’ OHG. swëlgan, swëlahan, ‘to swallow, gulp down’; comp. OSax. far-swëlgan, ‘to gulp down,’ Du. zwelgen, ‘to swallow,’ zwelg, ‘draught,’ AS. swëlgan, E. to swallow, OIc. svelgja, ‘to swallow’; Goth. *swilhan is wanting. A Teut. root. swëlh (swëlg by grammatical change), from pre-Teut. swelk, is not found elsewhere. See Schwalch.

Schwelle, f., ‘threshold, sill,’ from MidHG. swęlle, f. and n., ‘beam, threshold.’ OHG. swęlli, m., ‘threshold’; Goth. *swalli, ‘threshold,’ is wanting. Comp. AS. syll, f., E. sill, and the equiv. OIc. syll, svill, f.; allied to Goth. ga-suljan, ‘to establish,’ root swol, sū̆l, ‘to establish’; con Lat. solea (for *svolea)?. Akin also to OHG. sûl, ‘pillar’?.

schwellen, vb., ‘to swell, rise,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swëllen, OHG. swëllan; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. swëllan, Du. zwellen, AS. swëllan, E. to swell, OIc. svella; Goth. *swillan is wanting; for the Teut. root swell, swel, see Schwiele. To this is allied the vb. schwellen ‘to swell, expand’ (trans.), from MidHG. and OHG. swęllen, ‘to cause to swell,’ a factitive of schwellen. See Geschwulst.

schwemmen, vb., ‘to wash, soak, water,’ from MidHG. swęmmen, ‘to cause to swim, dip in water, wash in it’; a factitive of schwimmen.

Schwengel, m., ‘pendulum, clapper, beam,’ from MidHG. swęngel, swęnkel, m., ‘that which swings, pendulum.’ See the following word and schwingen.

schwenken, vb., ‘to swing, wave to and fro, brandish,’ from MidHG. swęnken, ‘to swing, hurl, roam, soar,’ OHG. swęnchen, ‘to strike’; comp. Du. zwenken, ‘to swing,’ AS. swęnčęan, ‘to strike, worry,’ and allied to the root swink, swing, in schwingen; comp. klingen with regard to the change of k to g at the end of the root.

schwer, adj., ‘grievous, heavy, difficult,’ from MidHG. swœre, adj., OHG. swâri, swâr, adj., ‘heavy,’ with the adv. form OHG. swâro, MidHG. swâre; OSax. swâr, Du. zwaar, AS. swœ̂r, swâr, OIc. svárr, ‘heavy.’ Akin also to Goth. swêrs, ‘honoured, respected, weighty, as it were, for heart and sense’?. See wichtig, Gewicht. Comp. Lith. sweriù (svèrti), ‘to lift, weigh,’ swarùs, ‘heavy,’ svóras, sváras, ‘weight.’

Schwert, n., ‘sword,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. swërt, n.; a common Teut. term; comp. the equiv. OSax. swerd, Du. zwaard, AS. sweord, E. sword, OIc. sverð. Goth. *swaírda-, n., is wanting, haírus being used. This latter term is the earliest recorded in Teut.; it is preserved in old West Teut., almost exclusively in old compounds, and is connected with Sans. çáru, m., ‘missile, spear.’ The later OTeut. term *swerda- has no correspondences in the non-Teut. languages.

Schwertel, n., ‘sword-lily, fleur-de-luce, iris,’ from MidHG. swërtele, OHG. swërtala, f., a derivative of Schwert, in imitation of Lat. gladiolus.

Schwester, f., ‘sister,’ from MidHG. swëster, OHG. swëster, f.; a common Teut. and also primit. Aryan word. Comp. Goth. swistar, OIc. syster, AS. sweostor, E. sister, Du. zuster, OSax. swëstar. The common Teut. stem swestr-, originated in Aryan swesr- (comp. Strom for the insertion of t in sr), nom. sing. swésô; comp. Sans. svasr-, nom. sing. svasâ, Lat. soror for *swesô-r, OSlov. sestra, Lith. sesů (for *swesô). The orig. meaning of the cognates, as in the case of Bruder, Aryan bhrãtõ (brãhtṛ), cannot be discovered; yet Schwäher, Schwieger, and Schwager (Aryan swekuros, swekrũ, swékrós) are similar in sound, so too OIc. swiljar, ‘husbands of two sisters,’ OSax. swiri, ‘nephew, sister's child’ (Aryan swesjo-?), &c., whose common component swe- signified ‘own, his,’ according to Sans. sva, Lat. suus; Comp. sein. For the Aryan terms of consanguinity comp. Vater, Mutter, &c.

Schwibbogen, m., ‘stone arch, arcade, flying buttress,’ from MidHG. swiboge, OHG. swibogo, m.; the ModHG. form is an early corruption, connecting sweiboge, which had become obscure even in MidHG., with schweben and Bogen. OHG. swibogo, ‘arched vault,’ if this too is not a corruption, appears to be either an old derivative from the root swib (see schweben), hence Goth. *swib-uga, or a compound of OHG. bogo, ‘bow, arch,’ with a prefix swi-, the meaning of which is certainly not clear; comp. Goth. swi-kunþs, ‘manifest,’ OIc. sve-víss (?), svi-dauðr (?), AS. sweo-tol.

schwichtigen, see beschwichtigen.

Schwieger, f., ‘mother-in-law,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swiger, OHG. swigar (AS. swöger), f.; Aryan swekrũ; see under Schwäher.

Schwiele, f., ‘hard skin, weal,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swil, m. and n., OHG. swilo, m., swil, n.; Teut. *swiliz, pre-Teut. *swelos, n., is to be assumed; allied to the root swel in schwellen, Schwulst. Schwiele, lit. ‘swelling.’

schwierig, adj., ‘difficult, hard,’ from MidHG. swiric (g), m., ‘full of sores or ulcers,’ a derivative of Schwäre; instinctively connected by Germans, however, with schwer, and hence transformed in meaning.

schwimmen, vb., ‘to swim,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swimmen, OHG. swimman; corresponding to the equiv. OSax. swimman, Du. zwemmen, AS. swimman, E. to swim; OIc. symja points to Goth. *sumjan (pret. swam). Akin also to Goth. swamms, ‘sponge,’ swumfsl, m., ‘pond.’ The Teut. root swëm, sū̆m, appears also in Sund; comp. also OIc. svamla, MidHG. swamen, ‘to swim.’ In the non-Teut. languages the root swem, sū̆mm, ‘to swim,’ has not yet been found.

schwind, see geschwind.

schwindeln, vb., ‘to be dizzy or giddy,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swindeln, OHG. swintilôn, allied to MidHG. swindel, ‘giddiness, vertigo,’ equiv. to OHG. swintilôd and swintilunga. Further akin to schwinden, ‘to dwindle away,’ hence MidHG. also ‘to faint, become unconscious.’

schwinden, vb., ‘to vanish, dwindle away, decay, perish,’ from MidHG. swinden, OHG. swintan, ‘to vanish, pass away, grow lean, become unconscious, faint’; corresponding to AS. swindan (wanting in E.), ‘to vanish’; probably allied to a root swī̆ (like Goth. standan to the root stā̆?). The root swī̆ appears in OHG. swinan, MidHG. swînen, ‘to decrease, disappear, grow lean, become unconscious,’ OIc. svína, ‘to subside,’ svía, ‘to abate,’ OIc. svíme, AS. svîma, Du. zwijm, ‘giddiness, vertigo.’ In the non-Teut. languages the root swī̆, ‘to decrease,’ has not yet been authenticated; the comparison with Gr. σί-νομας, ‘I plunder, damage,’ is dubious. —

Schwindsucht, f., ‘consumption,’ swintsuht, swînsuht (allied to swînen), also swindelunge.

schwingen, vb., ‘to swing, brandish, wave,’ from MidHG. swingen, swinken, OHG. swingan (swinchan?), ‘to swing, throw, hurl, strike, scourge, vault, fly, soar’; corresponding to OSax. swingan, ‘to vault,’ AS. swingan, ‘to scourge, fly, flutter,’ E. to swing; from Goth. *swiggwan was formed swaggwjan, ‘to swing about.’ Under schwank and schwenken, an Aryan root swenk, sweng, was adduced; AS. swincan, E. to swink, is a variant of AS. swingen, E. to swing; comp. Du. zwenken, ‘to swing.’

Schwire, f., ‘stake’; see Humpen.

schwirren, vb., ‘to whiz, wir, chirp,’ ModHG. only, allied, like Schwarm, to a root swer, ‘to rustle, drink (like beasts).’

schwitzen, vb., ‘to sweat, perspire,’ from the equiv. MidHG. switzen, OHG. swizzen; Goth. *switjan is wanting. The Teut. root swī̆t, Aryan swī̆d, is primit. Aryan, as was observed under Schweiß (a common Aryan root for ‘to freeze’ is wanting; comp. Winter, Schnee, frieren, and Sommer); comp. Sans. svidyâ-mi, from the root svid, ‘to perspire,’ Gr. ίδίω, ‘I perspire,’ ἱδρώς, ‘perspiration,’ for σϝϊδ-, and further Lat. sûdare, ‘to perspire’ (for *swoidare), Lett. swidrs, ‘perspiration.’

schwören, vb., ‘to swear,’ from the equiv. MidHG. swęrn, swęrjen, OHG. swęren; swęrien; a specifically Teut. word (like Eid); comp. Goth. swaran, OIc. sverja, AS. swęrian, E. to swear, Du. zweren, OSax. swęrian, ‘to swear.’ The Teut. root swar contained in these words had, however, a wider sense orig. than the one given, for traces in particular dials. lead us to infer that ‘to answer’ was the meaning of the root; comp. OIc. svǫr, n. plur., ‘answer,’ svara, vb., ‘to answer,’ in the legal sense also ‘to give security,’ andsvar, n., ‘legal decision,’ AS. andswaru, f., ‘answer,’ E. to answer (see Antwort), OSax. andswor, ‘vindication.’ The prim. idea of the Teut. root swar is therefore, perhaps, ‘to be responsible’; it has been compared to Lat. respondeo from spondeo.

schwül, ‘sultry,’ ModHG. only, from LG. swûl; comp. Du. zwoel, ‘sultry,’ AS. swôl (Goth. *swôls, is wanting); allied, like schwelen, to OHG. swilzzôn, ‘to burn slowly,’ AS. for-swœ̂lan, ‘to burn,’ OIc. svœ́la, ‘thick, choking smoke.’ The root swē̆l, swō̆l, appears also in Lith. svìlti, ‘to smoulder,’ svilus, ‘glimmering,’ svilmis, ‘burnt smell,’ and in Lett. swelt, ‘to singe.’ Deriv. Schwulität, ‘sultriness,’ with a Lat. ending like Lappalien and Schmieralien.

Schwulst, f., ‘swelling, bombast,’ from MidHG. swulst. geswulst, OHG. giswulst, f., ‘swelling’; allied to schwellen.

Schwung, m., ‘swing, vibration, soaring, flight,’ from the equiv. late MidHG. swunc (g), m.; allied to schwingen.

Schwur, m., ‘swearing, oath, curse,’ ModHG. only, in MidHG. found only in the compound meinswuor, ‘perjury,’ in OHG. only in eidswuor, ‘oath’; allied to schwören.