Archaeological Journal/Volume 1/Catalogue of the Emblems of Saints

by Richard Hart

CATALOGUE OF THE EMBLEMS OF SAINTS.

 

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OF THE XII. ARTYCLES OF THE FAYTHE. Ca XV.

S. Peter. S. Andrew. S. James ye more. S. Johan. S. Thomas. S. Iames ye lesse.

S. Phylyppe. S. Barthylmew. S. Mathewe. S. Symon. S. Jude. S. Mathyas.

It is the object of the following catalogue to supply a clue to the practical antiquary in his interpretation of ancient art, where, but for this sacred heraldry, he must have worked in the dark. In the middle ages, pictures were the books of the unlearned; and those who were unable to read, could at once recognise a Saint by his appropriate emblem. The memory of these things has long since faded away in our country; but illuminated manuscripts, painted glass, the paintings which decorate the screen-work or walls of many of our churches, monastic seals, and early wood-engravings, furnish us with the means of resuscitation.

Saints of the highest order had a double feast, or nine lessons assigned to them in the Breviary, so that the reader may easily ascertain to which he ought to give a preference in cases of doubt. When the same emblem belongs to many Saints of the same denomination, an asterisk (*) is prefixed to the emblem as a caution, that he may not too hastily appropriate.

The following abbreviations have been employed throughout, to which are here added the vestments belonging to each order, as a means of distinguishing from each other different Saints who had the same emblem.

A. Abbot or Abbess, commonly dressed like an ordinary monk or nun, (see C.) but with a crosier in the right hand and a book in the left. On seals (and perhaps sometimes in paintings) Abbots have a Mitre, Chasuble, Dalmatic, and other insignia of a Bishop.

Ap. Apostle, usually without any tonsure, a long beard, a close tunic and mantle. At an early period the feet are usually bare.

Abp. Archbishop, like a Bishop (see Bp.) but with the pall over the Chasuble, and a Cross-staff in the left hand, instead of a Pastoral-staff.

Bp. Bishop. A Mitre, Crosier, (or pastoral staff) in his left hand, blessing with the right, or holding a book. Vested in the Chasuble, Maniple, Dalmatic, Tunic, Stole, Alb, and Amess. Sometimes a Bishop wears a Cope over a Dalmatic and Alb; sometimes a Mozzetta, Rochet, and Alb, but the latter very rarely.

C. (Cœnobite) Monk or Nun. The Monk has a frock, cowl, and usually a scapular; the Nun a frock, often a scapular, and a close fitting kerchief or veil, covering the chin.

D. Deacon. A Dalmatic, a Stole, (which sometimes is represented as worn over the left shoulder;) a Maniple, Amess, and Alb.

E. Evangelist. like an Apostle. (See A.)

H. Hermit, like a Monk, but with a long beard. Commonly he has a scull before him, and large beads hanging at his girdle: sometimes he is clad in skins of beasts.

K. King. A Crown, Sceptre, Ball and Cross, (or Mound,) and the other well known insignia of royalty.

M. Martyr. Usually dressed in the vestments belonging to his rank in the Church, with the emblem of his martyrdom in his right hand, and a palm-branch in his left.

P.P. (Pater Patrum) Pope. Triple Crown, triple Cross-staff, and Cope.

P. Priest. Vested in the mass-vestment, composed of the Chasuble, Maniple, Stole, Amess, Alb.

V. Virgin. Commonly as a young woman with flowing hair: sometimes as a Nun. (See C.)

W. Widow. An aged woman, wearing a mantle, a kerchief or veil, and wimple covering the chin, resembling the attire of a Nun.

The reference to the day of the Saint's anniversary may be considered as an index not only to the various Breviaries, but to nearly all the collections of the lives of Saints that have been published. In every instance that occurs to my recollection, the legends are inserted according to the place which they occupy in the order of the year: so that the reader may refer to them without any difficulty, in case of his wishing to understand the rationale of any particular emblem.

The chief work to which reference may be made with advantage for information regarding the legends of Saints, is the Acta Sanctorum, in which they are found arranged according to the order of the year: this great work, comprised in fifty-three folio volumes, extending only to October, comprises a mass of valuable historical materials, and dissertations on numerous subjects connected with sacred antiquities. A continuation of this work is now in progress in the Netherlands. The Acta of the Saints of the Benedictine Rule, edited by Mabillon, are exceedingly valuable, and afford authentic evidences for the early history of Great Britain, which are not published elsewhere. The numerous versions of the Golden Legend, by Jacob de Voragine, are well known; the rare early edition by Wynkyn de Worde, presents many little wood-cut figures of Saints, and some of the French editions are more fully illustrated in this manner. The Nova Legenda Angliæ of John Capgrave is the most important authority as regards English Hagiography, and the Liber Festivalis may be consulted with advantage. The most curious relations, however, illustrative of the usages of the Church, of history, and of manners, are still to be found only in the MSS. preserved in our public libraries. Many compilations have been published in various countries which may be found useful; such as the Lives of the Saints, by Alban Butler; Petri de Natalibus Catalogus Sanctorum, Lugd. 1542; Haræi Vitæ Sanctorum, Antw., 1690; and Grassii Vitæ Sanctorum, Cologne, 1616. With respect to the Roman Breviary, preference should be given to the editions which were printed before the Council of Trent; and with reference to the Saints of any particular country, to the local Breviaries.

 

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RULES OF APPROPRIATION.

 

1. In cases of doubt, recollect that the Apostles, the most popular Saints in the Christian world, and in that particular country or neighbourhood, the patron Saint of the Church itself, or those whose reliques are known to have been deposited there in ancient times, are more likely to have been depicted than others. In addition to which I would remark, that connected with some Churches, there were guilds dedicated to particular Saints.

2. When two or more Saints bear the same emblem, those who are most popular ought to have the benefit of the doubt: and observe carefully the quality of the Saint; whether he was a Bishop, Abbot, or so forth, for this will often supply a certain criterion.

3. Observe well the juxtaposition, for this will be often a clue to your interpretation. Thus, if you discover two or three Apostles, you may reasonably expect to find the others also.

4. In applying this catalogue to the interpretation of ancient art, abstract as much as possible the emblem from its unimportant circumstances, making a logical distinction between the proprium and the accidens. Even in cases where they rigorously adhered to the ancient symbolism, the painters varied considerably in the detail. Of this many examples could be given. The same martyr is sometimes represented as transfixed with arrows, and sometimes he bears an arrow in his hand.

5. We have no reason for supposing that the inferior Saints (many of whom were martyred in exactly the same way) had any emblem exclusively assigned to them. In early printed books, (the Legenda Aurea, for example,) the same wood-cut is continually repeated; but Saints of this order would scarcely be represented except in places where they had a local interest, discoverable by county history or the tradition of the neighbourhood.

6. Ancient paintings in fresco, on panel, or glass, and manuscript illuminations, have of course an authority which cannot belong even to the earliest wood-cuts; as the artist had not the same temptation to generalise or repeat. Nevertheless, many of these early wood-cuts were unquestionably designed after more ancient models on panel, glass, &c., and where they can be identified by their circumstances are of very great value.

 

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Almsgiving ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Female employed in distributing alms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Potentiana[1], V. May 19
Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Martyrdom of a Pope at the Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Stephen, P.P. Aug. 2
*Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Martyrdom of a Bishop at the Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Thomas à Becket[2], Dec. 29
Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		King lying at the foot of an Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Canute, K. M. July 10
Anchor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		At the feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Clement, P.P.M. Nov. 23, or St. Felix, Bp. M. March 8
Angel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	In armour, Devil at the feet, sometimes other Angels behind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Michael, Sept. 29
Angel and Boy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Walking together, (see book of Tobit) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Raphael the Archangel, Oct. 24
Armour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Warrior in ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St.George, M. April 23, or St. Maurice, M. Sept. 22.
Arms and Legs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Cut off ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Adrian, M. March 4
*Arrow or Spear ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In hand, sometimes the emblem of ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Thomas, Ap. Dec. 21
*Arrow & Book ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Ursula, V. M. Oct. 21
Arrows ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saint stripped, and transfixed with ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Edmund, K.M. Nov. 20, or St. Sebastian, M. Jan. 20
Banner & Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Seen in the air ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Constantius[3], Emperor
Basket ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held in the hand, containing bread ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Philip, Ap. May 1
Basket ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Of Fruit, Flowers, and Spices in hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Dorothy, V. M. Feb. 6
Bed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Two Physicians attending a Bishop in bed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Cosmas and St. Damian, M. Sept. 27
Beehive ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the back-ground ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Ambrose, Bp. Dec. 7
Blind Man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Restored to sight, by a Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Magnus, M. Aug. 19
*Block ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Pope kneeling at the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Fabian[4], P. P. M. &c.
Boat or Ship ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Jude, Ap.[5], Oct. 28
Boiling Cauldron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	Female Saint martyred therein ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Afra, V. M.[6]c. Aug. 6
Book ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Female with a Book, teaching a Child ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Anne[7], July 26
Book ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	King, holding the Gospel of St. John in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Edward, K. Confessor, Jan. 5
Books ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Bishop, holding three ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Hilary, Bp. Jan. 13
Books ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Burning before a Saint, who holds a sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Dominick, C. Aug. 4
*Book & Crosier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		The former in right hand, the latter in left ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Bridget[8], V.C. Feb. 1
Bottle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Two figures holding a bottle and shears ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Cosmas and St. Damian[9], M. Sept. 27
Bowels ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Wound round a windlass or a staff ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Erasmus, Bp. M. June 2
Bow and Arrow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held by a Man, aiming at a naked Virgin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Christina, V. July 24
Box of Spikenard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand of a Female ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Mary Magdalene, July 22
Bread ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A loaf in the hand of a Female ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Gertrude, V. and Abbess, March 17[10]
Breast ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Torn by pincers, or Breasts in a dish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Agatha, V. M. Feb. 5
Bull or Bulls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Dragging a Saint over a stony place ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Saturninus, May 2
Candle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Genevieve, V. Jan. 3
Cardinal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	With a lion near him, or the feet of a lion in his lap ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Jerome, P. Sept. 30
Carpenter's Square ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Matthew, Ap. Sept. 21, St. Joseph, Mar. 19 or St. Jude, Ap. Oct. 28
*Cauldron ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Saint boiled in ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. John Port Lat. Ap. May 6
Chains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A figure in prison, loaded with fetters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Peter ad Vincula, Aug. 1
Chains ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Or Manacles in a Saint's hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Leonard, C. Nov. 6
Chalice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		At the feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Richard, Bp. April 3
Chalice or Cup ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		With a winged Serpent issuing from it ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. John, Ap. Dec. 27
Child ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the arms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Britius, Bp. Nov. 13[11]
Child ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	With a glory round the head, and a spoon in the hand, before a Bishop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St.Augustine, Bp. Aug. 28
Children ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Three in a tub before a Bishop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St Nicholas, Bp. Dec. 6
*Clubs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saints beaten with ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Boniface, Abp. M. June 5, St. Maccabea, M. Aug. 1, &c. &c.
Comb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A wool-comb in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Blaise, Bp. M. Feb. 3
Confessional ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Bishop seated in ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Gothard, Bp. May 4
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		With single transverse bar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			A Primate or Metropolitan
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		With triple bars ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			A Pope
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Patée ✠ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A Knight Hospitaler of St. John of Jerusalem
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Inverted, a Saint thus crucified ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Peter, Ap. June 29
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saltier ☓, a Saint leaning on ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Andrew, Ap. Nov. 30
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saltier in background ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Benignus, D. June 6
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Like a T and a spear or double cross ‡ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Philip, Ap. May 1
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A large one in the arms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Helena, Empress, Aug. 18
Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A tall one, with a bell at the top, a pig by his side ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Anthony of Padua, C. June 13
Crowned Figure ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	In the sky, conversing with a Virgin kneeling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Bridget, V. July 21
Cups ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Two cups or goblets ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Odilo, Abbot, Dec. 31
Dead ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Raised to life ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Marcialis, Bp. July 2
*Devil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Beating a Saint with a club ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Apollinaris, July 23; & others
*Devils ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saints, tormented by ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Lucy, V.M. Dec. 13; and many others
Doe or Hind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Crouching near an Abbot ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Giles, A. Sept. 1
Dog ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Setting a globe on fire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Domminick[12], C. Aug. 4
Dog ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Seated near a Saint, with a loaf in his mouth, a plague-spot on the Saint's thigh ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Roche, C. Aug. 16
Dove ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Lighting on the head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Eunuchus[13], C. July 15
Dove ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Bringing a letter ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Oswald, K. Aug. 5[14]
Doves ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In a basket, and staff in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Joachim, April 16
Dragon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Under the feet of an armed figure ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. George, M. April 23
Dragon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Under the feet, and spear with a cross at the top in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Margaret, V.M. July 20
Eagle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Standing by the side ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. John, Evangelist[15], Dec. 27
Expositorium ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Of Blessed Sacrament in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Clare, V. Aug. 12
Espousals ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		To the Saviour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Catharine of Sienna, V. April 30
Face ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Of the Saviour upon a cloth or kerchief, usually called the Vernicle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Veronica, Sept. 9
Faldstool ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A mitred Figure kneeling at a ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Ambrose[16], Bp. Dec. 7
Fawn, or rather Antelope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	At a king's feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Henry VI., K.
Fawn or Doe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Before a Female, who holds a cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Withburga, V. C.
Female ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		With a Devil taking her hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Theodora, C. Nov. 22
Fetter, or Manacle ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	Held by an ecclesiastic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Leonard, C. Nov. 6
Fire ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Saint lighting a ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Januarius, Bp. Sept. 19
Fish ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held in the hand; sometimes two ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Simon, Ap. Oct. 28
*Flogging ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Saint scourged to death with rods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Regina, St. Gorgon, St. Theodore, &c.
Flood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Houses swept away by, figure at a prison window ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Verena, circa Aug. 30
Flower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In one hand, and Sword in the other ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Dorothy[17], V.M. Feb. 6
Flowers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Sprouting from the neck, head in hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Flora, V.M. June 15
Fruit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		An animal eating at the feet of a Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Mangen, circa Sept. 6
Fuller's Bat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. James the Less, Ap. May 1
Genealogical Tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Rising from the reclining figure of an old man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	Jesse, the Patriarch
Giant ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Carrying the infant Saviour on his shoulder, across a river; he leans on a rude staff, which often is represented as bursting into leaf; a Hermit usually in the distance with a lantern ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Christopher, M. July 25
Goat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Satan appearing in the form of ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Anthony, the Hermit, Jan. 17
Gridiron, or Iron Bed ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	Held by a Deacon ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Lawrence, D. M. Aug. 10
Ground ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Excavated for discovery of treasure before a King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Gunterianus, K. Ap. 27
Hairy Man ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Wearing a crown, before a double cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Onofrius, June 11
Halbert ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In his hand, sabre by his side ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Theodore, M. Nov. 9
Hammer & Anvil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In one hand, sword in the other ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Adrian, M. March 4
Hammer and Crosier ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	In his hands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Eloy (Eligius) B. Dec. 1
Hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Cut off ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Cyriacus, M. Aug. 8
Harp ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Figure playing on the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Cecilia, V.M. Nov.22, St. Dunstan, Abp. May 19, or King David
Hatchet, Halbert or Battle-Axe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Matthias, Ap.[18] Feb. 24
Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Carried in the hands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Denys, Abp. M. Oct. 9, St. Winifred, V.M. Nov. 3
Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Carried in a dish or charger ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. John Baptist, Aug. 29
Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Of King Oswald in his hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Cuthbert, Bp. March 20
Head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Of Goliah in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. David the Psalmist
Heart ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand, or sometimes in the air ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Augustine[19], Bp. Aug. 28
Hermit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Kneeling, with beads in hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Fiacre, C. Aug. 30
Hill ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Saint preaching on a ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. David, Abp. March 1
Hind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	wounded with an arrow, resting her feet in the lap of an Abbot ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Giles, A. Sept. 1
Horns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Glory in that form, staff, and tables of the law ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Moses, Sept. 4
Horseback ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A Bishop mounted, raising his crosier against a monster ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Donatus, Bp. Sept. 6
Horseback ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Several mounted figures, one crowned ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Maurice, M. Sept. 22
Host ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Bishop delivering it into a Man's hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Lupus, Bp. July 29
Idol ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Falling from its pedestal ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Philip[20], Ap. May 1
Infants ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Murdered by Soldiers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			Holy Innocents, Dec. 28
Key ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	One or two in his hand, the one frequently of gold, the other of silver ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Peter, Ap. June 29
Kings ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Three, with their gifts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Caspar, St. Melchior, and St. Balthazar, K. K. Jan. 6
King ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A dove over his head, and the Arms of France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Louis, K. Aug. 25
King's-head ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Guarded by a wolf ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Edmund. K.M. Nov. 20
Knight ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Armed on horseback, Dragon at his feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. George[21], M. April 23
Knife ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Figure holding one ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Bartholomew, Ap. Aug. 24
Ladder ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Emblem occurring in St. James' church, Norwich ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	(?)
Lamb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		At her feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Agnes, V. M. Jan. 28
Lamb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		At the feet, and a cross in his hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. John the Baptist[22], June 24
Lantern ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Gudula, V. M. Jan. 8, or St. Hugh, Bp. April 1
Leprous ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Spots on the body ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Angradesma
Lily ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In an Angel's hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Gabriel, the Angel[23], March 25
Lilies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In a pot near the B. Virgin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Blessed Virgin Mary March 25
Lion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Lying near a Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Mark Evangelist[24], April 25
Lion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		See Cardinal
*Lions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Crouching at a Saint's feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Agapetus, M. Sept.17, also several other M.M.
Loaf and Rosary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. John the Almoner, Abp. Jan. 23
Nails ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In a boy's head and in his hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. William[25], M. Mar. 24.
Oak ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A Prelate hewing down an oak ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Boniface, Abp. and M. June 5
Oil ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Distilling from the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Walburga, V. May 1
Organ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Figure playing on the ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Cecilia, V.M.[26] Nov. 22
Pastoral Staff ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Fixed into a rock or tomb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Wulstan, Bp. Jan. 19
Pilgrim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Saint clad in slavine, with hat, bourdon, staff, and escallop shell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. James the Great, Ap. July 25
Pope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		On horseback, blessing the people ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Leo, P. P. April 11
Pulpit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saint preaching from a ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Maternus, St. Rupert, St. Peter, St. Paul, &c.
Rack ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saint upon the rack ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Vincent, M. Jan. 22
Raven ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Bringing food to two Hermits ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Paul, H. Jan. 10 or 15
Ring & Sceptre ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	In the hands, the former bestowed on St. John Ev., disguised as a pilgrim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	K. Edward, C. Jan. 5
River ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saint thrown into a river or a pit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Vitalis, April 28
Rock ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Saint embracing a rock ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Rosalia, V. Sept. 4
Rods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A bundle of, in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Faith, V. M. Oct. 6
Saracen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Under the feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Pancras, April 3
Saw ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		A long saw in hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Simon, Ap.[27] Oct. 28
Scales ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held by an Angel in armour, weighing souls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Michael[28], Sept. 29
Scourge ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held in a Prelate's hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Ambrose, Abp. Dec. 7
*Skull ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		At feet, or in hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Mary Magdalene, St. Jerome, &c. &c.[29]
Scythe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Walstan, Bp.
Seven Persons ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Praying, or asleep in a cavern ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	The Seven Sleepers, July 27
Shoemakers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Two at work ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Crispin and St. Crispinian, M. M. Oct. 25
Shrine ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A Saint worshipping before it, with beads in his hand, and a dog at his feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Wendelin, circa Sept 30
Spade ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In left hand, open book in right ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Fiacre[30], C. Aug. 30
Spear ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Held by a Soldier in armour ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Longinus, Soldier, M. March 15
Stag ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		With a cross between the horns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Hubert, Bp. Nov.3, St. Eustachius, M. May 15
Stag ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Crouching at a Prelate's feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Aidan, Bp. Aug. 31
Stocks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Persons confined in the stocks rescued by a Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Leonard, Nov. 6
Stones ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the skirt or lap of a Prelate's chasuble ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Alphage, Abp. Ap. 19
Stone ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In his hand, or stones in his lap ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Stephen, D.M. Dec. 26
Sun and Bird ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	The latter descending from the former, upon a sleeping Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Servatus, Bp. May 13
Sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Paul, Ap.[31] June 29
Sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In hand, on some Norfolk screens ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Matthias, Ap. Feb. 24
Sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Fixed in the scull of an Archbishop ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Thomas a Becket[32], Dec. 29
Sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Through his body as he stands at the Altar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Quiriacus, July 22
Table ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Ministering to Saints at a table ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Petronilla, May 31
Thorns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Bishop dragged over ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Mark, E. April 25
Tooth in Pincers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		And Palm-branch[33] in the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Apollonia, V.M. Feb. 9
Tower ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		In the hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Barbara, V.M. Dec. 4
Tree ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Blossoming over the head of a female as she sleeps ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Etheldreda, June 23
Trefoil, or Shamrock ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	In a Bishop's hand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Patrick, March 17
Tub ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Some liquid poured from, held over[34] ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Alexius, July 17
Virgin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Sometimes crowned, surrounded by many others of smaller size ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Ursula, V. M. Oct. 21
Virgin and Child ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Appearing from Heaven to a Saint ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			St. Bernard, A. Aug. 20
Washing ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Poor Men's feet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Louis, K. or St. Edith, V. Aug. 25
Wheel & Sword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Or several wheels, commonly broken ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Catherine, V.M. V. Nov. 25
Woman ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		Covered with her flowing hair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................			$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	St. Mary, the Egyptian[35], April 2
Wounds ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................		$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Figure bearing the five wounds of Our Lord, commonly radiating from a crucified Seraph in the air ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	St. Francis, C. Oct. 4

EMBLEMS OF FESTIVALS.

Dedication of a Church ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	Altar, with three men before it
Founder or Benefactor ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	Church in miniature, held in the hand
Invention of the Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	Cross lifted out of a tomb among spectators, May 3
Assumption of the Virgin ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	Virgin carried to Heaven by Angels, August 15
Exaltation of the Cross ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	King kneeling before a cross in the air, September 14
Corpus Christi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Shrine supported by two Men, or an Expository with the Eucharist carried in procession, May 31
Trinity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Three Men in purple, exactly alike—also, the Father as an old Man with triple crown, the Son as a young one, and the Holy Spirit as a dove
Cathedra S. Petri ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A Pope seated, a nimbus surrounding his head; Cardinals around him, February 22.
All Souls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	under the form of little children, Nov. 2.

 

OF THE APOSTLES' MOST USUAL EMBLEMS.

St. Peter, a key, or two keys, gold and silver, representing the keys of heaven and hell—St. Paul, a sword—St. Andrew, a cross saltier ☓—St. John, a chalice and serpent—St. Philip, a tau-cross, or a double cross, or spear^[36]—St. Bartholomew, a butcher's knife—St. Thomas, an arrow or spear—St. Matthew, a club, a carpenter's square, or a money-box, to receive custom or tribute—St. James the Great, a pilgrim's staff, wallet, &c.—St. James the Less, a fuller's bat and saw—St.Jude, a boat in his hand or a club—St. Simon, a fish or fishes in his hand, and sometimes a saw—St. Matthias, a hatchet, battle-axe, or sword.

 

EVANGELISTS' EMBLEMS.

St. Matthew, an angel—St. Luke, an ox—St. John, an eagle—St. Mark, a lion. At an early period these emblems were differently attributed.

 

FOUR DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH.

St. Jerome, a lion—St. Augustine, a heart—St. Ambrose, a bee-hive, or a scourge—St. Gregory, at Mass, Christ appearing to him over the chalice.

 

SUBJECTS REPRESENTED COMMONLY IN CHURCHES.

Seven Cardinal Virtues ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Faith, Hope, Charity, Justice, Prudence, Temperance, and Fortitude.
Seven Mortal Sins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Pride, Avarice, Luxury, Envy, Gluttony, Anger, and Accedia (?)
Allegories, Sundry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Angels and Archangels, Principalities and Powers, Virtues and Excellencies, Glories and Dominions.
Seven Works of Mercy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	Feeding the hungry, Clothing the naked, &c.
Passion, Instruments of ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Crown of thorns, nails, hammer, sponge, spear, dice, lantern, &c.
Jesse ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A genealogical tree proceeding from the root of Jesse (an old Man), our Lord's ancestors being represented in the branches.
Wheel of Fortune ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	a large wheel with a crowned female figure in centre, some rising, others falling from it.
Seven Sacraments ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	Baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Eucharist, Orders, Matrimony, Extreme Unction.
Hell ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................	A many-headed monster, vomiting fire.

⁂ In an ensuing Number it is intended to give the converse of the foregoing Catalogue, the names of Saints being arranged alphabetically, with a more detailed account of the Symbols, and references to existing representations, especially in our own country.

1. Probably other Saints thus.
2. Several of the Saints were martyred thus.
3. It seems probable that this is an error, and that the Emperor Constantine was really intended.
4. A great many Martyrs are represented at the block.
5. He and St. Matthew are sometimes represented with clubs in their hands.
6. Other martyrdoms are so represented, particularly St. John the Evangelist.
7. Sometimes on this Book are the words "Radix Jesse floruit."
8. Many Bishops and Saints are represented with Books.
9. See Bed, supra.
10. N.B. There is another Gertrude, V. Nov. 15.
11. Simeon and the B. V. M. are thus represented.
12. See Books, supra.
13. The Blessed Virgin and many Saints thus.
14. A Dove whispering in the ear of a figure with a triple crown is a common symbol of a Pope.—The Dove breathing into the ear of a Pope is generally a symbol of Pope Gregory the Great.
15. See Chalice, supra.
16. See Bee-hive, supra.
17. See Basket, supra.
18. Many others are so represented.
19. See Child, supra.
20. The same is introduced in the Flight into Egypt.
21. See Armour, supra.
22. See Head, supra.
23. It is peculiarly, if not exclusively, in the Annunciation that the archangel Gabriel is thus painted, appearing to the Virgin seated at a table.
24. St. Jerome is also attended by a Lion.
25. Martyred by the Jews at Norwich.
26. See Harp, supra.
27. See Fish, supra.
28. See Armour, supra.
29. A Scull was common to all Hermits. The Magdalene generally bears her Box of Spikenard, which see, supra.
30. See Hermit, supra.
31. It is sometimes jagged like a saw.
32. See Altar, supra.
33. A Palm-branch, as the general emblem of martyrdom, is often found with other Saints.
34. Dirty water thrown over him by his father's servants.
35. She is often represented with a Monk standing before her.
36. Sometimes a basket.