History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 6

by Hubert Howe Bancroft

 

THE WORKS

 

OF

 

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT

 

VOLUME XIV.

 

HISTORY OF MEXICO.

 

Vol. VI. 1861-1887.

 

SAN FRANCISCO:
THE HISTORY COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1888

 

Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1888, by

HUBERT H. BANCROFT,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

 

 

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
INTERNAL AND FOREIGN COMPLICATIONS.
1861.
Expulsion of Foreign Diplomates — Exile of High Ecclesiastics — Reorganization of Government — Measures of Conciliation — Differences among the Liberals — Foreign Relations Interrupted — Meeting of Congress — Character of its Members — Benito Juarez Elected President — Reactionary War Renewed — Liberal Victories — Financial Distress and Suspension of Payments — Foreign Protests — Treaty of Intervention in London — Course of the United States and Mexico — Ministerial Crisis	1
CHAPTER II.
FOREIGN INTERVENTION.
1861-2.
Spanish Occupation of Vera Cruz — Action of the Mexican Government — Arrival of the French and British Forces — Allied Plenipotentiaries and their Differences — Joint Address to the Mexicans — Pecuniary Claims against Mexico — Negotiations with Juarez' Government — Convention of La Soledad — Reactionists under French Protection — Rupture among the Allied Diplomats — Spaniards and British Reembark — The French Throw off the Mask — Almonte Establishes a Government — French Reoccupation of Orizaba — Their March against Puebla and Repulse — Cinco de Mayo — Subsequent Liberal Reverses — Affairs at the Capital	28
CHAPTER III.
FRENCH OCCUPATION.
1862-1863.
Napoleon's Instructions — Arrival of Forey's Army — Zaragoza's Death — Forey's First Movements — His Neglect of the Conservatives — Their Subserviency — March on Puebla — Indecent Devices — General Condition of Mexico — Bombardment of Acapulco — Siege of Puebia — Forey Offers Honorable Terms — They are not Accepted — Unconditional Surrender — Treatment of Mexican Prisoners — Affairs at the Capital — Flight of the Government — Juarez at San Luis Potosí — The French Occupy Mexico — Initiatory Policy	54
CHAPTER IV.
MONARCHISM.
1863.
Government Measures — Junta Superior de Gobierno — Provisional Executive — Forey's Acts Legalized — Order of Guadelupe — Asamblea de Notables — Its Inauguration and Subserviency — Creation of a Throne — It is Offered to Ferdinand Maximilian of Hapsburg — Regency of the Mexican Empire — Monarchial Schemes in Mexico — They are Continued in Europe — French Prevarications — Spanish Aims — Selection of Maximilian — How Effected — His Past Record Action of the Austrian Emperor — Policy of the United States	77
CHAPTER V.
MAXIMILIAN, EMPEROR OF MEXICO.
1863.
Inherent Idea of Empire — Montezuma, Iturbide, Maximilian — Forced Adhesions — Character of the Regents — Deputation to Maximilian — His Acceptance — Maximilian and Charlotte, their Character and Personal Appearance — Imperialist Successes — Movements of the Juarists — Arrival of the Archbishop — Bazaine — French Policy — Attitude of the United States — Fall of Morelia — Death of Comonfort — Further Fighting	101
CHAPTER VI.
ARRIVAL OF THE IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNS
1864
Military Movements — Juarez Declines to Resign — He Retires to Monterey — Tampico Campaign — Imperial Gains — Proceedings in Europe — Formal Acceptation of the Mexican Crown — Imperial Visit to Rome — Arrival of the Sovereigns at Vera Cruz — Receptions at Córdoba, Orizaba, and Puebla — Entry into Mexico — Grand Demonstration — New Order Created.	122
CHAPTER VII.
MAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO.
1864
Conciliating Policy and Conservative Jealousy — Growing Dislike of the French — Maximilian's Weakness of Character — Reorganization of the Army — Excursions to the Interior, and Maximilian's Inferences therefrom — Guerrillas Termed Brigands, and Ordered Hunted down — Church Question — Nuncio in Mexico — Commission to Rome — Property Confiscation — Juarist Reverses	149
CHAPTER VIII.
IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT.
1865.
Provisional Constitution — Personal Guarantee — No Slavery — Fondness of Maximilian for Law-making — Promotion of Colonization — Finances — Cabinet — Maximilian Protests against his Austrian Renunciation — French Loan and French Troops — Attitude of the United States — Republicanism Gains Strength — Maximilian Alarmed — Bazaine Blamed — Terrorism	171
CHAPTER IX.
THE EMPIRE A FAILURE.
1865-1866.
Capitulation of Oajaco — Army Movements — Battles and Sieges — War Measures — Presidential Term — New Republican Plan of Campaign — Sympathy in the United States — Napoleon Recognizes his Failure — The United States Demand his Withdrawal — Maximilian Overwhelmed — Charlotte Visits Europe — She Pleads in Vain with Napoleon — Then Seeks Consolation at Rome — Her Sad Fate	188
CHAPTER X.
IMPERIAL HOME LIFE AND VICISSITUDES.
1866.
Money Matters — New Treaty — Army Reorganization — Austrians Discontented — Domestic Affairs — Character of Charlotte — Maximilian's Habits — Hours of Labor, Food, and Exercise — Dress — Amusements — Religious Shows — Washing Feet — The Emperor's Cold Wit — Conservatist Plot — Santa Anna — New Policy of Maximilian — Bazaine's Quarrel and Recall — Castelnau — Abdication Urged — Ortega and the United States — Maximilian at Orizaba	214
CHAPTER XI.
MAXIMILIAN'S VACILLATION — REPUBLICAN SUCCESSES.
1860.
Maximilian at Orizaba — Preparations for Departure — Indecision — Persuasions of Father Fisher — Return of Miramon and Marquez — Austrian Crown Prospects — Maximilian Warned not to Return to Austria — Council of Orizaba — French Protests — Juarists Gaining Strength — United States Volunteers — Army Movements — Ortega's Party — Bazaine's Quarrels	236
CHAPTER XII.
DEPARTURE OF THE FRENCH.
1867.
Further Disaffection between Bazaine and the Court — Recall of European Soldiers — Bazaine's Conduct and Character — Exchange of Prisoners — Departure of Troops — Bazaine in Disgrace in France — Cost of Expedition — A New Council Upholds the Empire — Movements of Miramon — Maximilian at the Head of the Army — His March to Querétaro — Invested by the Republican Forces	264
CHAPTER XIII.
IMPERIALISM CAGED.
1867.
Mariano Escobedo — His Physique and Character — Imperial Lines — Skirmishing — Convento de la Cruz — Marquez Sent to Mexico — New Ministery — Miramon — Besiegers Reënforced — Assaults and Repulses — Maximilian Decorated for Bravery — Starvation — Marouez Suspected of Treachery — Salm-Salm Prepares to Go in Search of Him — Plans to Break through the Lines Defeated	281
CHAPTER XIV.
DEATH OF EMPIRE AND EMPEROR.
1867.
Miguel Lopez the Traitor — His Plot to Betray Maximilian — Seizure of the City — Arrest of Maximilian and his Generals — Imprisonment — Abdication — Terms Proposed — Court-martial Ordered — Trial and Conviction — Petitions and Intercessions — Execution of Maximilian, Miramon, and Mejía — Effect of Execution in America and Europe — Reflections on the Character and Career of Maximilian	299
CHAPTER XV.
REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION.
1867-1868.
Movements of Marquez and Diaz — The Last Imperial Cabinet — Progress of Republican Arms — Marquez in Mexico — Diaz Besieges the City — Results of Intervention — Juarez' Entry into the Capital — New Republican Cabinet — Treatment of Rebels and Traitors — Proposed Reforms — Parties and Principles — Election Laws — Popular Discontent — Diplomatic Relations	333
CHAPTER XVI.
END OF THE JUAREZ REGIME.
1868-1872.
Under the New Order of Things — Reelection of Juarez — Seditions and Uprisings — Ministerial Crisis — Earthquakes and Hurricanes — Creation of New States — Administrative Reorganization and Improvements — Pronunciamientos and Revolutions — Insecurity — Amnesty — Political Parties — Juaristas, Lerdistas, and Porfiristas — Plan of La Noria — Failure of the Porfiristas — Death of Juarez — Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada Installed as President — Remains of Juarez — Reflections on his Career	365
CHAPTER XVII.
LERDO PRESIDENT.
1872-1874.
Effect of Juarez' Death — Ledro Retains the Ministers of Juarez — General Amnesty Proclaimed — Diaz Refuses to Accept It — Conflagration in the Palace — The Country Tranquilized — Diaz Submits — Lerdo Elected Constitutional President — His Popularity — He Persists in Retaining the Ministers — Disappointment — Closing of Congress — The Vera Cruz Railroad — The Tepic Rebellion — Guadalajara Threatened — Capture and Death of Lozada — End of the Rebellion — The District of Tepec — Congressional Acts — Expulsion of the Jesuits — Passage of the Reform Laws — Disturbances — Seventh Constitutional Congress	390
CHAPTER XVIII.
LERDO, IGLESIAS, AND DIAZ.
1874-1876.
Political Troubles in the States — Affairs in Yucatan — Religious Uprising in Michoacan — Condition of the Country — Progress of Protestantism — The Stamp Act — Prerogatives of the Supreme Court Attacked — Decline of Lerdo's Popularity — Political Persecutions — Reelection Schemes — Diaz Leaves Mexico — Insurrection in Oajaea — A Revolutionary Blaze — Plans of Tuxtepec and Palo Blanco — Diaz in the North — His Return to Oajaea — Fraudulent Elections — Lerdo Proclaimed Reëlected — Iglesias Protests — He Assumes the Executive Power — Diaz Defeats Alatorre at Tecoac — Flight of Lerdo — Constitutionalist versus Revolutionist — Diaz Enters the Capital — Proclaims Himself Executive — Iglesias Leaves the Country — Diaz at the Head	408
CHAPTER XIX.
DIAZ, GONZALEZ, AND DIAZ.
1877-1887.
Political Programme of Diaz — Installation of Congress — Diaz Elected President — Opposition to his Government — Mutiny of the Crew of La Trinidad — Foreign Relations — Difficulties with the United States — Joint Commission on Claims — Adjustment of Claims — The Northern Border Troubles — Their Settlement — Attempts at Reëlection Defeated — Administration of Diaz Reviewed — President Gonzalez' Biography — Guatemala's Claim to Chiapas — Adjustment of Dispute — Foreign Relations — Internal Affairs — Progress of Mexico — Gonzalez as an Administrator — The Modified Stamp Act — Recognition of Debt to British Bond-holders — Diaz Again Elected President	435
CHAPTER XX.
GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, AND MILITARY.
1800-1887.
Party Spirit — Struggles for Supremacy — Army Influence and Revolutions — Centralism, Imperialism, and Federalism — Constitutions and Reforms — Congress and the Executive — Powers of the President — Cabinet — Administrative Duties and Reforms — Territorial Divisions — State Government — Municipalities — Suffrage — Laws — Judiciary — Police — Foreign Relations — Naturalization — Colonization — Finances — Army and Navy	466
CHAPTER XXI.
MINING, MANUFACTURES, AND FISHERIES.
1800-1887.
Effect on Mining of the Revolution — Subsequent Policy of the Government — Effect of Mining on Agriculture — Mine Management and Routine — Mining Districts — Minor Metals — Mints — Development of National Manufactures — Banco de Avío — Patent Laws — Cotton Factories in the Colonial Period — Woollen Industry — Other Manufactures — Silk, Paper, Crockery, and Glass — Tobacco and its Utilization — Fisheries — Food–fish — Pearls — Tortoise Shells — Sponges — Whaling — International, National, and State Exhibitions	505
CHAPTER XXII.
COMMERCE AND RAILROADS.
1800-1887.
Symptoms of Free Trade — A Commercial Inroad — Exports and Imports — Customs and Custom-houses — Cabotage — Abolishment of the Alcabalas — Smuggling — The Mercantile Marine — The Carrying Trade — Commercial Regulations — Foreign Steamers — Case of the Danube — First Mexican Steamships — The Mexican Transatlantic S. S. Co. — Unjust Taxation — Tariffs — Metropolitan Highways — Mercantile Tribunals — Brokers — Banks — The Mail Service — Nickel Coinage — The Decimal System — Railroads — The Mexican Railway — Development — Projected Lines — Considerations — Telegraphs, Telephones, and Electric Lights	533
CHAPTER XXIII.
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF MEXICO.
1887.
Capacity for Production — Unequal Distribution of Land — Necessity of Irrigation — Drainage of the Valley — The Nochistongo Cutting — Poumaréde's Siphons — Garay's Project — A Pestilent Metropolis — Maize and Other Cereals — Chile Pepper — Plantains, Cacao, and Coffee — The Agave Americana — Pulque, Mescal, and Tequila — Hennequen and Ixtle — Sugar and Aguardiente — Tobacco, Olive-oil, and Wine — Cochineal, Indigo, Cotton — Silk Culture — Vanilla and Jalap — Stock-raising — Horned Cattle, Horses, and Hogs — Agricultural Prospects of Mexico	561
CHAPTER XXIV.
ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
1800-1887.
Relations of Church and State — Demoralization of the Clergy — Their Influence Waning — Measures to Curtail their Power — Intrigues — The Clergy and the Reactionists Co-operating — Sequestration of Church Property — Banishment of Bishops — Creation of New Dioceses — Condition of the Church during the Regency — Differences between the Pope and Maximilian — Policy of the Latter — Liberal Changes — Freedom of Worship a Fact — Monastic Orders — Their Suppression — Religious Societies — Property and Revenue of the Clergy — Church Feasts — Superstitions — Intellectual Improvement	580
CHAPTER XXV.
SOCIETY.
1887
Evolution of a New Race — Indians and Meztizos — Climate and Epidemics — Benevolent Institutions — The Mexican of the Present Time — Slavery and Peonage — Negroes and Leperos — Orders and Titles of Nobility — Social Manners and Customs — Artisans and Rancheros — Condition of Mexican Women — Marital Relations — Innovations on the National Costume — Holidays and Festivals — Observance of Holy-Week — Gambling — Theatres and Country Amusements — Horseracing — Popular Drives and Walks — Highwaymen — Travelling in the Interior — Immigration Unsuccessful — Relative Positions of Foreigners in Mexico	598
CHAPTER XXVI.
EDUCATION, SCIENCE, ARTS, AND LITERATURE.
1521—1887.
Instruction of the Indians and Mestizos — Schools and Colleges — Measures for Developing Education — Professional Instruction — Scientific Attainment — Creole Unsteadiness — Observatories — Fine and Mechanical Arts — Museum — First Press — Early Books and Periodicals — Libraries and Literary Societies — Prose Writing — Newspapers — Historians — Oratory — Poetry — Mexican Peculiarities — Reflections on the Present and Future Position of Mexico	630
INDEX.
Index	695