History of Mexico (Bancroft)/Volume 6/Table of Contents

by Hubert Howe Bancroft

 

CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
INTERNAL AND FOREIGN COMPLICATIONS.
1861.
Expulsion of Foreign Diplomates — Exile of High Ecclesiastics — Reorganization of Government — Measures of Conciliation — Differences among the Liberals — Foreign Relations Interrupted — Meeting of Congress — Character of its Members — Benito Juarez Elected President — Reactionary War Renewed — Liberal Victories — Financial Distress and Suspension of Payments — Foreign Protests — Treaty of Intervention in London — Course of the United States and Mexico — Ministerial Crisis	1
CHAPTER II.
FOREIGN INTERVENTION.
1861-2.
Spanish Occupation of Vera Cruz — Action of the Mexican Government — Arrival of the French and British Forces — Allied Plenipotentiaries and their Differences — Joint Address to the Mexicans — Pecuniary Claims against Mexico — Negotiations with Juarez' Government — Convention of La Soledad — Reactionists under French Protection — Rupture among the Allied Diplomats — Spaniards and British Reembark — The French Throw off the Mask — Almonte Establishes a Government — French Reoccupation of Orizaba — Their March against Puebla and Repulse — Cinco de Mayo — Subsequent Liberal Reverses — Affairs at the Capital	28
CHAPTER III.
FRENCH OCCUPATION.
1862-1863.
Napoleon's Instructions — Arrival of Forey's Army — Zaragoza's Death — Forey's First Movements — His Neglect of the Conservatives — Their Subserviency — March on Puebla — Indecent Devices — General Condition of Mexico — Bombardment of Acapulco — Siege of Puebia — Forey Offers Honorable Terms — They are not Accepted — Unconditional Surrender — Treatment of Mexican Prisoners — Affairs at the Capital — Flight of the Government — Juarez at San Luis Potosí — The French Occupy Mexico — Initiatory Policy	54
CHAPTER IV.
MONARCHISM.
1863.
Government Measures — Junta Superior de Gobierno — Provisional Executive — Forey's Acts Legalized — Order of Guadelupe — Asamblea de Notables — Its Inauguration and Subserviency — Creation of a Throne — It is Offered to Ferdinand Maximilian of Hapsburg — Regency of the Mexican Empire — Monarchial Schemes in Mexico — They are Continued in Europe — French Prevarications — Spanish Aims — Selection of Maximilian — How Effected — His Past Record Action of the Austrian Emperor — Policy of the United States	77
CHAPTER V.
MAXIMILIAN, EMPEROR OF MEXICO.
1863.
Inherent Idea of Empire — Montezuma, Iturbide, Maximilian — Forced Adhesions — Character of the Regents — Deputation to Maximilian — His Acceptance — Maximilian and Charlotte, their Character and Personal Appearance — Imperialist Successes — Movements of the Juarists — Arrival of the Archbishop — Bazaine — French Policy — Attitude of the United States — Fall of Morelia — Death of Comonfort — Further Fighting	101
CHAPTER VI.
ARRIVAL OF THE IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNS
1864
Military Movements — Juarez Declines to Resign — He Retires to Monterey — Tampico Campaign — Imperial Gains — Proceedings in Europe — Formal Acceptation of the Mexican Crown — Imperial Visit to Rome — Arrival of the Sovereigns at Vera Cruz — Receptions at Córdoba, Orizaba, and Puebla — Entry into Mexico — Grand Demonstration — New Order Created.	122
CHAPTER VII.
MAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO.
1864
Conciliating Policy and Conservative Jealousy — Growing Dislike of the French — Maximilian's Weakness of Character — Reorganization of the Army — Excursions to the Interior, and Maximilian's Inferences therefrom — Guerrillas Termed Brigands, and Ordered Hunted down — Church Question — Nuncio in Mexico — Commission to Rome — Property Confiscation — Juarist Reverses	149
CHAPTER VIII.
IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT.
1865.
Provisional Constitution — Personal Guarantee — No Slavery — Fondness of Maximilian for Law-making — Promotion of Colonization — Finances — Cabinet — Maximilian Protests against his Austrian Renunciation — French Loan and French Troops — Attitude of the United States — Republicanism Gains Strength — Maximilian Alarmed — Bazaine Blamed — Terrorism	171
CHAPTER IX.
THE EMPIRE A FAILURE.
1865-1866.
Capitulation of Oajaco — Army Movements — Battles and Sieges — War Measures — Presidential Term — New Republican Plan of Campaign — Sympathy in the United States — Napoleon Recognizes his Failure — The United States Demand his Withdrawal — Maximilian Overwhelmed — Charlotte Visits Europe — She Pleads in Vain with Napoleon — Then Seeks Consolation at Rome — Her Sad Fate	188
CHAPTER X.
IMPERIAL HOME LIFE AND VICISSITUDES.
1866.
Money Matters — New Treaty — Army Reorganization — Austrians Discontented — Domestic Affairs — Character of Charlotte — Maximilian's Habits — Hours of Labor, Food, and Exercise — Dress — Amusements — Religious Shows — Washing Feet — The Emperor's Cold Wit — Conservatist Plot — Santa Anna — New Policy of Maximilian — Bazaine's Quarrel and Recall — Castelnau — Abdication Urged — Ortega and the United States — Maximilian at Orizaba	214
CHAPTER XI.
MAXIMILIAN'S VACILLATION — REPUBLICAN SUCCESSES.
1860.
Maximilian at Orizaba — Preparations for Departure — Indecision — Persuasions of Father Fisher — Return of Miramon and Marquez — Austrian Crown Prospects — Maximilian Warned not to Return to Austria — Council of Orizaba — French Protests — Juarists Gaining Strength — United States Volunteers — Army Movements — Ortega's Party — Bazaine's Quarrels	236
CHAPTER XII.
DEPARTURE OF THE FRENCH.
1867.
Further Disaffection between Bazaine and the Court — Recall of European Soldiers — Bazaine's Conduct and Character — Exchange of Prisoners — Departure of Troops — Bazaine in Disgrace in France — Cost of Expedition — A New Council Upholds the Empire — Movements of Miramon — Maximilian at the Head of the Army — His March to Querétaro — Invested by the Republican Forces	264
CHAPTER XIII.
IMPERIALISM CAGED.
1867.
Mariano Escobedo — His Physique and Character — Imperial Lines — Skirmishing — Convento de la Cruz — Marquez Sent to Mexico — New Ministery — Miramon — Besiegers Reënforced — Assaults and Repulses — Maximilian Decorated for Bravery — Starvation — Marouez Suspected of Treachery — Salm-Salm Prepares to Go in Search of Him — Plans to Break through the Lines Defeated	281
CHAPTER XIV.
DEATH OF EMPIRE AND EMPEROR.
1867.
Miguel Lopez the Traitor — His Plot to Betray Maximilian — Seizure of the City — Arrest of Maximilian and his Generals — Imprisonment — Abdication — Terms Proposed — Court-martial Ordered — Trial and Conviction — Petitions and Intercessions — Execution of Maximilian, Miramon, and Mejía — Effect of Execution in America and Europe — Reflections on the Character and Career of Maximilian	299
CHAPTER XV.
REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUCTION.
1867-1868.
Movements of Marquez and Diaz — The Last Imperial Cabinet — Progress of Republican Arms — Marquez in Mexico — Diaz Besieges the City — Results of Intervention — Juarez' Entry into the Capital — New Republican Cabinet — Treatment of Rebels and Traitors — Proposed Reforms — Parties and Principles — Election Laws — Popular Discontent — Diplomatic Relations	333
CHAPTER XVI.
END OF THE JUAREZ REGIME.
1868-1872.
Under the New Order of Things — Reelection of Juarez — Seditions and Uprisings — Ministerial Crisis — Earthquakes and Hurricanes — Creation of New States — Administrative Reorganization and Improvements — Pronunciamientos and Revolutions — Insecurity — Amnesty — Political Parties — Juaristas, Lerdistas, and Porfiristas — Plan of La Noria — Failure of the Porfiristas — Death of Juarez — Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada Installed as President — Remains of Juarez — Reflections on his Career	365
CHAPTER XVII.
LERDO PRESIDENT.
1872-1874.
Effect of Juarez' Death — Ledro Retains the Ministers of Juarez — General Amnesty Proclaimed — Diaz Refuses to Accept It — Conflagration in the Palace — The Country Tranquilized — Diaz Submits — Lerdo Elected Constitutional President — His Popularity — He Persists in Retaining the Ministers — Disappointment — Closing of Congress — The Vera Cruz Railroad — The Tepic Rebellion — Guadalajara Threatened — Capture and Death of Lozada — End of the Rebellion — The District of Tepec — Congressional Acts — Expulsion of the Jesuits — Passage of the Reform Laws — Disturbances — Seventh Constitutional Congress	390
CHAPTER XVIII.
LERDO, IGLESIAS, AND DIAZ.
1874-1876.
Political Troubles in the States — Affairs in Yucatan — Religious Uprising in Michoacan — Condition of the Country — Progress of Protestantism — The Stamp Act — Prerogatives of the Supreme Court Attacked — Decline of Lerdo's Popularity — Political Persecutions — Reelection Schemes — Diaz Leaves Mexico — Insurrection in Oajaea — A Revolutionary Blaze — Plans of Tuxtepec and Palo Blanco — Diaz in the North — His Return to Oajaea — Fraudulent Elections — Lerdo Proclaimed Reëlected — Iglesias Protests — He Assumes the Executive Power — Diaz Defeats Alatorre at Tecoac — Flight of Lerdo — Constitutionalist versus Revolutionist — Diaz Enters the Capital — Proclaims Himself Executive — Iglesias Leaves the Country — Diaz at the Head	408
CHAPTER XIX.
DIAZ, GONZALEZ, AND DIAZ.
1877-1887.
Political Programme of Diaz — Installation of Congress — Diaz Elected President — Opposition to his Government — Mutiny of the Crew of La Trinidad — Foreign Relations — Difficulties with the United States — Joint Commission on Claims — Adjustment of Claims — The Northern Border Troubles — Their Settlement — Attempts at Reëlection Defeated — Administration of Diaz Reviewed — President Gonzalez' Biography — Guatemala's Claim to Chiapas — Adjustment of Dispute — Foreign Relations — Internal Affairs — Progress of Mexico — Gonzalez as an Administrator — The Modified Stamp Act — Recognition of Debt to British Bond-holders — Diaz Again Elected President	435
CHAPTER XX.
GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, AND MILITARY.
1800-1887.
Party Spirit — Struggles for Supremacy — Army Influence and Revolutions — Centralism, Imperialism, and Federalism — Constitutions and Reforms — Congress and the Executive — Powers of the President — Cabinet — Administrative Duties and Reforms — Territorial Divisions — State Government — Municipalities — Suffrage — Laws — Judiciary — Police — Foreign Relations — Naturalization — Colonization — Finances — Army and Navy	466
CHAPTER XXI.
MINING, MANUFACTURES, AND FISHERIES.
1800-1887.
Effect on Mining of the Revolution — Subsequent Policy of the Government — Effect of Mining on Agriculture — Mine Management and Routine — Mining Districts — Minor Metals — Mints — Development of National Manufactures — Banco de Avío — Patent Laws — Cotton Factories in the Colonial Period — Woollen Industry — Other Manufactures — Silk, Paper, Crockery, and Glass — Tobacco and its Utilization — Fisheries — Food–fish — Pearls — Tortoise Shells — Sponges — Whaling — International, National, and State Exhibitions	505
CHAPTER XXII.
COMMERCE AND RAILROADS.
1800-1887.
Symptoms of Free Trade — A Commercial Inroad — Exports and Imports — Customs and Custom-houses — Cabotage — Abolishment of the Alcabalas — Smuggling — The Mercantile Marine — The Carrying Trade — Commercial Regulations — Foreign Steamers — Case of the Danube — First Mexican Steamships — The Mexican Transatlantic S. S. Co. — Unjust Taxation — Tariffs — Metropolitan Highways — Mercantile Tribunals — Brokers — Banks — The Mail Service — Nickel Coinage — The Decimal System — Railroads — The Mexican Railway — Development — Projected Lines — Considerations — Telegraphs, Telephones, and Electric Lights	533
CHAPTER XXIII.
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF MEXICO.
1887.
Capacity for Production — Unequal Distribution of Land — Necessity of Irrigation — Drainage of the Valley — The Nochistongo Cutting — Poumaréde's Siphons — Garay's Project — A Pestilent Metropolis — Maize and Other Cereals — Chile Pepper — Plantains, Cacao, and Coffee — The Agave Americana — Pulque, Mescal, and Tequila — Hennequen and Ixtle — Sugar and Aguardiente — Tobacco, Olive-oil, and Wine — Cochineal, Indigo, Cotton — Silk Culture — Vanilla and Jalap — Stock-raising — Horned Cattle, Horses, and Hogs — Agricultural Prospects of Mexico	561
CHAPTER XXIV.
ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS.
1800-1887.
Relations of Church and State — Demoralization of the Clergy — Their Influence Waning — Measures to Curtail their Power — Intrigues — The Clergy and the Reactionists Co-operating — Sequestration of Church Property — Banishment of Bishops — Creation of New Dioceses — Condition of the Church during the Regency — Differences between the Pope and Maximilian — Policy of the Latter — Liberal Changes — Freedom of Worship a Fact — Monastic Orders — Their Suppression — Religious Societies — Property and Revenue of the Clergy — Church Feasts — Superstitions — Intellectual Improvement	580
CHAPTER XXV.
SOCIETY.
1887
Evolution of a New Race — Indians and Meztizos — Climate and Epidemics — Benevolent Institutions — The Mexican of the Present Time — Slavery and Peonage — Negroes and Leperos — Orders and Titles of Nobility — Social Manners and Customs — Artisans and Rancheros — Condition of Mexican Women — Marital Relations — Innovations on the National Costume — Holidays and Festivals — Observance of Holy-Week — Gambling — Theatres and Country Amusements — Horseracing — Popular Drives and Walks — Highwaymen — Travelling in the Interior — Immigration Unsuccessful — Relative Positions of Foreigners in Mexico	598
CHAPTER XXVI.
EDUCATION, SCIENCE, ARTS, AND LITERATURE.
1521—1887.
Instruction of the Indians and Mestizos — Schools and Colleges — Measures for Developing Education — Professional Instruction — Scientific Attainment — Creole Unsteadiness — Observatories — Fine and Mechanical Arts — Museum — First Press — Early Books and Periodicals — Libraries and Literary Societies — Prose Writing — Newspapers — Historians — Oratory — Poetry — Mexican Peculiarities — Reflections on the Present and Future Position of Mexico	630
INDEX.
Index	695