Manual of the New Zealand Flora/Umbelliferæ
Order XXXIII. UMBELLIFERÆ.
Herbs, very rarely climbing or shrubby, often aromatic when bruised. Stems often grooved or channelled, solid or hollow. Leaves alternate, usually much cut and divided but sometimes simple and entire; petiole dilated and sheathing at the base; stipules wanting (except in Hydrocotyle). Flowers small, hermaphrodite or occasionally polygamous, in terminal or lateral umbels which are either simple or compound. Umbels usually furnished at the base with a ring of bracts, those below the primary (or general) umbel forming the involucre, those below the secondary (or partial) ones constituting the involucel. Calyx aduate to the ovary, limb either obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted at the margin of an epigynous disc, the outer often larger, imbricate or valvate, usually infiexed at the tip. Stamens 5, epigynous; filaments curved inwards. Disc epigynous, often 2-lobed and confluent with the base of the styles. Ovary inferior. 2-celled; styles 2, distinct; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit of 2 dry indehiscent carpels cohering by their inner faces (commissure), when ripe separatmg from a filiform central axis (carpophore), from the top of which they often remain suspended for a time. Each carpel (mericarp) generally bears 5 longitudinal ridges, sometimes expanded into wings. In the spaces or furrows between the ridges, and imbedded in the pericarp, are one or more longitudinal oil-canals (vittæ). Secondary ridges are also sometimes placed between the primary ones. Seeds 1 to each carpel, pendulous; albumen abundant, horny; embryo minute, next the hilum, radicle superior.
A very large and extremely distinct order, represented all over the world, but most plentiful in western Asia, south Europe, and north Africa; rarer in the tropics and in the south temperate zone. Genera about 160; species estimated at 1500. The properties of the order are extremely varied. Several species secrete a poisonous and narcotic acrid sap, as hemlock, fool's parsley, water drop-wort, &c. Others are characterized ty the presence of a gum-resin, as Asafœtida and Galbanum. Many species produce aromatic and carminative fruits, as caraway, coriander, dill, &c. The chief edible species are the carrot and parsnip, where the roots alone are eaten; and celery, parsley, and fennel, where the leaves and stems are employed. Of the 11 New Zealand genera, Aciphylla and Actinotus extend to Australia; Azorella and Oreomyrrhis occur in South America and the Antarctic islands as well. The remaining 7 are all widely distributed.
| * Umbels simple (sometimes irregularly compound in Azorella). | |
| a. Vittæ absent. | |
| Creeping herbs with scarious stipules. Fruit laterally much compressed | 1. Hydrocotyle. |
| Tufted or creeping. Fruit hardly compressed, subquadrate | 2. Azorella. |
| Leaves and involucres spinous. Umbels contracted into a compact spike or head | 3. Eryngium. |
| Tufted or creeping. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Carpel solitary | 4. Actinotus. |
| b. Vittæ present. | |
| Tufted or diffuse. Leaves much dissected. Fruit narrowed above, nearly terete | 6. Oreomyrrhis. |
| Aquatic. Stem creeping. Leaves terete, fistular, septate | 7. Crantzia. |
| ** Umbels regularly compound. Vittæ present (obscure in some). Primary ridges of the fruit alone conspicuous. | |
| Littoral. Stems decumbent. Involucre wanting. Carpels nearly terete | 5. Apium. |
| Leaf-segments ending in acicular or spinous points. Umbels in erect spikes or panicles | 8. Aciphylla. |
| Leaves pinnate or decompound. Umbels terminal. Carpels with 3–5 narrow equal wings | 9. Ligusticum. |
| Leaves pinnate or 1–3-foliolate in the New Zealand species. Carpels with 2 broad lateral wings | 10. Angelica. |
| *** Umbels regularly compound. Secondary ridges of the fruit prominent, covered with bristles | 11. Daucus. |
1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.
Prostrate herbs. Stems long, slender, rooting at the nodes, often matted. Leaves orbicular or reniform, deeply cordate or peltate, palmately toothed or lobed or divided, rarely entire, long-petioled; stipules small, scarious. Umbels simple, small; involucral leaves usually inconspicuous or wanting. Flowers small, sometimes unisexual. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals entire, valvate or imbricate. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure; carpels flat, placed edge to edge, with 1 or more prominent ribs on each face; vittæ wanting. Seed straight, laterally compressed.
A genus of about 80 species, spread over the warm and temperate regions of the world, but most numerous in the Southern Hemisphere. Of the 9 New Zealand species 1 has a wide range in tropical and subtropical countries, another is found in North and South America, 2 occur in Australia, the remainder appear to be endemic.
| Section I. (Euhydrocotyle). Involucral bracts narrow or inconspicuous or wanting. Petals valvate. Carpels without secondary ribs or reticulatiotis. | |
| Leaves deeply 3–7-lobed. Peduncles exceeding the leaves. Fruits on long slender pedicels | 1. H. elongata. |
| Leaves 3–5-foliolate; leaflets cuneate. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Umbels 2–6-flowered | 2. H. tripartita. |
| Leaves 3–7-lobed almost to the base. Umbels 20–40 flowered; peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves | 3. H. dissecta. |
| Leaves thin, with 5–7 shallow lobes. Umbels 3–7-flowered, sessile or on very short peduncles (sometimes half as long as the petioles in var. heteromerta) | 4. H. americana. |
| Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves obscurely 3–7-lobed. Umbels 3–8-flowered. Carpels large, flat, with a broad dorsal wing | 5. H. pterocarpa. |
| Pilose or nearly glabrous. Leaves obscurely 3–7-lobed. Umbels 5–12-flowered. Carpels rounded on the dorsal edge | 6. H. novæ-zealandiæ |
| Hispidly pilose. Leaves sharply 5–7-lobed. Umbels 10–20-flowered. Carpels acute on the dorsal edge | 7. H. moschata. |
| Small, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 110–13 in., 5–7-lobed. Umbels 2–6-flowered. Carpels rounded on the dorsal edge | 8. H. microphylla. |
| Section II. (Centella). Involucral bracts conspicuous, broad. Petals imbricate. Carpels with secondary ribs and reticulations. | |
| Leaves fascicled, broadly cordate. Umbels 2–3-flowered. Carpels large | 9. H. asiatica. |
1. H. elongata, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 495.—More or less softly pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Seems 4–12 in. long, very slender, branched, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves ½–1 in. diam., orbicular-reniform, deeply 3–7-lobed; lobes rounded, acutely toothed; petioles slender, 1–3 in. long or more; stipules small. Peduncles very slender, exceeding the leaves; umbels 10–30-flowered. Flowers minute, on slender pedicels. Fruit small, brownish, 112 in. diam., more or less pubescent or bristly; carpels with one rib on each face.—Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 84; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 85; Kirk, Students Fl. 187. H. concinna, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 239. H. echinella, Col. l.c. xx. (1888) 191.
North and South Islands: Not uncommon from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. November–March.
A very distinct plant, easily recognised by the large size, softly pilose habit, deeply lobed leaves, long peduncles, and pedicelled flowers.
2. H. tripartita, R. Br. ex A. Rich. Hydrocot. 69, t. 61, f. 25.—Usually densely matted, dark-green, smooth and shining, glabrous or nearly so. Stems branched, filiform, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 1–4 in. long. Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, ¼–½ in. diam., 3–5-partite to the base; leaflets cuneate, 2–3-toothed or -lobed at the tip or quite entire; petioles ½–2 in. long; stipules rather large, entire. Peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves; umbels 2–6-flowered. Flowers small, shortly pedicelled or sessile. Fruit small, rather turgid, brownish, glabrous. Carpels rounded at the back, convex on the sides, with one obscure rib on each face.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 83; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 341; Kirk, Students Fl. 188. H. muscosa, B. Br. ex A. Rich. l.c. 68, t. 61, f. 27; Hook f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86.
North Island: Hawke's Bay and Tongariro, Colenso! Var. hydrophila: Lower Waikato River, Carse! Matata (Bay of Plenty), Petrie! South Island, Stewart Island: Not uncommon in marshy places. Var. hydrophila: Otago—Tomahawk Lagoon, Petrie! Wickliffe Bay, Bluff, B. C. Aston!
The trifoliolate leaves at once separate this from all the other New Zealand species. Mr. Petrie's H. hydrophila has no distinguishing characters apart from its much smaller size. The typical form is also found in Australia and Tasmania.
3. H. dissecta, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 84.—Small, slender, matted, more or less hispid-pilose. Stems much branched, creeping and rooting, 3–9 in. long. Leaves alternate or in alternate fascicles, ⅓–1 in. diam., orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 3–7-lobed almost to the base; lobes obovate-cuneate, acutely toothed or almost laciniate, hairy on both surfaces; petiole ½–1½ in. long. Peduncles variable in length, ½–2 in. long, longer or shorter than the leaves; umbels 20–40-flowered. Flowers small, sessile. Fruit densely crowded, small, red-brown, glabrous; carpels somewhat turgid, with one obtuse rib on each face; margins acute.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Students' Fl. 188.
North Island: Near Maunganui Bluff, Petrie! Northern Wairoa, T.F.C.; Whangarei, Carse! Petrie! T.F.C.; Matakana, Kirk! Hunua, Kirk! T.F.C.; Lower Waikato, Carse! Hawke's Bay, Colenso. South Island: Marlborough, Macmahon! near Westport, Townson! Otira Valley and Catlin's River, Petrie! Sea-level to 1200 ft. November–February.
A well-marked plant, perhaps more closely allied to H. moschata than to any other, but differing widely in the deeply and sharply lobed leaves. Mr. Carse sends a form with proliferous umbels.
4. H. americana, Linn. Sp. Plant. 234.—Small, very slender, matted, pale-green and glistening, glabrous or with a few loose hairs on the petioles. Stems 3–6 in. long, filiform, much branched. Leaves very delicate and membranous, ¼–¾ in. diam., orbicular-reniform, 5–7-lobed: lobes shallow, crenate; petioles ½–1½ in. long; stipules small. Umbels small, 3–6-flowered, sessile in the axils of the leaves or very shortly peduncled. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Fruit minute, pale yellowish-brown, glabrous, or one or both carpels more or less hispid; carpels wath one rib on each face, margins acute.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 85; Kirk, Students' Fl. 187.
Var. heteromeria, Kirk, l.c. 188.—Rather larger. Leaves ½–1 in. diam.; petioles often 2 in. long. Umbels usually shortly peduncled; peduncles sometimes half the length of the petioles. Fruit as in the type.—H. heteromeria, A. Rich. Hydrocot. 200; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 499; Hook. f Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86. H. nitens, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 386.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Not uncommon from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2000 ft. October–February. The typical form is also found in North and South America.
5. H. pterocarpa, F. Muell. in Trans. Vict. Inst. i. (1855) 126.—Smooth, often shining, perfectly glabrous or sparingly pilose. Stems slender, 6–14 in. long, branched, creeping and rooting. Leaves ½–1 in. diam., orbicular-reniform with a narrow or closed sinus, very thin and membranous, obscurely 3–7-lobed; lobes crenate; petioles slender, 1–4 in. long. Peduncles rather slender, shorter than the leaves; umbels 3–8-flowered. Flowers shortly pedicelled or almost sessile. Fruit large, flat, broader than long, notched above and below, often mottled; carpels with one rib on each face, and with the dorsal edge expanded into a broad wing.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 153, t. 33; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Students Fl. 188.
North and South Islands: In lowland swamps from Mongonui to North Canterbury, but often local. December–February. Also in Victoria and Tasmania.
6. H. novæ-zealandiæ, D.C. Prodr. iv. 67.—Very variable in size and habit of growth. Stems 3–12 in. long, much or sparingly branched, open or matted, creeping and rooting at the nodes, sometimes ascending at the tips, pilose or almost glabrous. Leaves ¼–1¼ in. diam., orbicular-reniform with usually an open sinus, obscurely 5–9-lobed or -angled; lobes shallow, obscurely and obtusely crenate, rarely more acutely toothed, usually membranous but sometimes subcoriaceous, sparingly hairy or nearly glabrous; petioles ½–3 in. long, slender, usually pilose with reversed hairs above. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; umbels 5–12-flowered. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Fruit 112 in. diam., broader than long, somewhat flattened, glabrous, pale-brown, sometimes mottled; carpels rounded at the back, with an indistinct rib or groove on each face.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 497; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 83; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Kirk, Students' Fl. 189. H. dichondræfolia, A. Cunn. l.c. n. 498. H. intermixta, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 240. H. alsophila, Col. l.c. xviii. (1886) 261. H. involucrata, Col. l.c. xix. (1887) 262. H. amœna, Col. l.c. xxi. (1889) 83.
Var. robusta.—Stems stout, suberect above. Fruit large, 18 in. broad, turgid; carpels with a groove on each face.—H. robusta, Kirk, Students' Fl. 189.
Var. montana, Kirk, l.c.—Stems stout, creeping, densely matted. Leaves usually with a narrow sinus, coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, lobes shallow. Carpels with a groove on each face.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Abundant throughout, var. montana ascending to quite 4,000 ft. Var. robusta: Sandy beaches north of Auckland, rare. November–March.
A very variable plant, but one that can generally be recognised without much difficulty by the shallow and rounded lobes of the leaves, and by the compressed fruits with thick obtuse margins. I am unable to maintain Mr. Kirk's H. robusta as a separate species, the differences between it and the typical state being of a very trivial character. Closely allied to it is a large-leaved species gathered by Mr. Cockayne in forests in the Chatham Islands, in which the leaves are sometimes 2 in. diam.
7. H. moschata, Forst. Prodr. n. 135.—More or less hispid or pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Stems 2–12 in. long, much branched, often densely matted, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves 16–1 in. diam., reniform or orbicular with usually an open sinus, distinctly 5–7-lobed; lobes sharply toothed, usually hispid on both surfaces but sometimes glabrescent, firm or almost coriaceous; pedoles rather stout, 16–2 in. long, usually pilose above with reversed hairs. Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves; umbels 5–40-flowered. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Fruits usually densely crowded, minute, 120–115 in. diam., red-brown; carpels acute at the back, with an acute keel or ridge on each face.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 501; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 83; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 87; Kirk, Students Fl. 189. H. sibthorpioides. Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxi. (1889) 83.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Abundant throughout, ascending to 2000 ft. November–March.
Closely allied to H. novæ-zealandiæ, but separated by the distinctly lobed leaves, by the lobes being acutely toothed, and by the much smaller crowded fruits, which are sharply keeled on the back.
8. H. microphylla, A. Cunn. Precur. n. 496.—Glabrous or with a few loose hairs on the petioles and peduncles. Stems 1–3 in. long, slender or rather stout at the base, creeping and rooting, often matted. Leaves 110–13 in. diam., orbicular-reniform with usually a closed or narrow sinus, 5–7-lobed; lobes shallow, rounded, obtusely crenate; petiole 15–12 in. long; stipules rather large for the size of the plant. Peduncles variable in length, longer or shorter than the leaves; umbels 2–6-flowered. Flowers sessile or nearly so. Fruit minute, glabrous, 120–115 diam.; carpels rounded at the back, with an obscure rib or groove on each face.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 84; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 87; Kirk, Students Fl. 190.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island: From Mongonui southwards, but apparently local. December–February.
Cunningham's original description is not at all good, and without access to his specimens I cannot be certain that the plant described above is the same as his. It differs from H. novæ-zealandiæ in the smaller size, glabrous and more deeply divided leaves, few-flowered umbels, and smaller fruit. From H. moschata it is at once removed by the round-edged carpels.
9. H. asiatica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 234.—Very variable in size. Stems rather stout, much branched, creeping and rootmg at the nodes. Leaves fascicled at the nodes, ¼–1 in. diam., orbicular or oblong-reniform, cordate or almost truncate at the base, sinuatetoothed or nearly entire, glabrous or slightly pubescent; petioles very variable in length, ½–6 in. or more, often laxly pubescent above. Peduncles short, ¼–1 in. long, rarely more; umbels 2–4-flowered; bracts 2–3, broad, ovate. Fruit 18–16 in. diam.; carpels with about 3 stout ribs on each face, but often showing the secondary ribs when young, somewhat reticulated, margins obtuse.—A. Cunn. Precur. n. 502; Raoul, Choix, 46; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 82; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 86; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 346; Kirk, Students' Fl. 190. H. cordifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 303. H. uniflora, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvii. (1885) 239.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Abundant in moist places from the Three Kings Islands and the North Cape southwards, ascending to 2500 ft. October–March. Also in most tropical and subtropical countries.
2. AZORELLA, Lam.
Perennial herbs, densely tufted or slender and creeping. Leaves simple or 3–5-foliolate, all radical, or fascicled at the nodes of creeping stolons, or cauline and densely imbricated. Umbels few- or many-flowered, simple or irregularly compound; involucral bracts free or connate. Calyx-teeth prominent, usually small, acute. Petals obtuse or acute, imbricate. Disc thick, flat, often confluent with the styles. Fruit but slightly laterally compressed, almost tetragonous, the sides furrowed at the commissure when mature. Carpels subterete or dorsally compressed, with 5 more or less prominent and almost equidistant ribs, the lateral ones not close to the commissure.
A genus comprising about 40 species, found in Andine and extra-tropical South America, Australia and Tasmania, the Antarctic islands, and New Zealand. With the exception of A. Selago, all the New Zealand species are endemic.
| Section I. (Fragosa). Stems closely compacted, forming rounded pulvinate masses. | |
| Leaves all cauline, imbricate; blade 3–5-partite | 1. A. Selago. |
| Section II. (Schizeleima). Stems tufted, often emitting creeping stolons or leafy flowering branches. | |
| * Leaves simple. | |
| Minute, forming tufts ½–2 in. diam. Leaves 16–14 in. diam., entire or crenate | 2. A. exigua. |
| Leaves reniform, ⅓–¾ in. diam. Stipules entire. Umbels 3–8-flowered. Pedicels shorter than the fruits | 3. A. reniformis. |
| Leaves reniform, ⅓–2 in. diam. Stipules ciliate. Umbels many-flowered. Pedicels longer than the fruits | 4. A. Haastii. |
| ** Leaves 3–5-foliolate. | |
| Leaves tufted, coriaceous, ½–1½ in. diam; leaflets 3–5, deeply crenate-toothed or lobed | 5. A. Roughii. |
| Leaves crowded at the nodes of creeping stolons, excessively coriaceous, ¼–⅔ in. diam.; leaflets bluntly lobed or crenate | 6. A. hydrocotyloides. |
| Leaves tufted, pale-green, membranous, ⅓–¾ in. diam.; leaflets 3, toothed at the tips | 7. A. pallida. |
| Small, densely matted. Leaves 16–13 in. diam.; leaflets 3, entire or obscurely toothed | 8. A. nitens. |
| Creeping. Leaves fascicled at the nodes, membranous, ⅓–¾ in. diam.; leaflets 3, stalked, obscurely toothed | 9. A. trifoliolata. |
1. A. Selago, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 284, t. 99.—Stems densely tufted, branched, forming large globular masses 1–4 ft. diam. or more, quite glabrous. Leaves alternate, imbricate, 15–13 in. long; petiole half the length, very broad, membranous, closely sheathing the stem; blade much dilated, broader than long, closely appressed, concave, coriaceous, 3–5-partite to the middle, upper surface furnished with several long stiff bristles; lobes spreading, oblong, acute or apiculate; margins quite entire, much thickened. Umbels almost concealed amongst the uppermost leaves, shortly pedunculate, 3-flowered. Involucral leaves linear, subacute. Calyx-teeth acute. Fruits ovoid, terminated by the elongated styles; carpels slightly compressed, convex on the back, 5-ribbed, contracted at the commissure.—Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. clxviii. 20; Kirk, Students Fl. 191
Macquarie Island: Fraser, Prof. Scott! A. Hamilton! Also in Kerguelen Island, the Crozets, Marion and Heard I-lands, and Fuegia.
2. A. exigua, Benth. and Hook. f. in Gen. Plant. i. 875.—Small, stemless, forming little tufts ½–2 in. diam. Leaves numerous, crowded at the top of a short and stout rhizome, ¼–¾ long; petiole long, stout, sheathing at the base; blade minute, 16–14 in. diam., ovate-orbicular, obscurely 3-lobed or crenate, cordate or rounded at the base, coriaceous, minutely papillose above; margins recurved. Scapes shorter than the leaves, 3–8-flowered; involucral leaves linear, obtuse, rounded at the base. Fruit 112 in. long, almost tetragonous; carpels 5-ribbed, rounded at the back.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 191. Pozoa exigua, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 87.
South Island: Otago—Black Peak, Hector and Buchanan! Hector Mountains and Mount Cardrona, Petrie! Altitudinal range from 5000 to 6500 ft.
A very remarkable little plant, quite unlike any other.
3. A. reniformis, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Bright-green, rather fleshy, perfectly glabrous. Rhizome slender, creeping, often emitting short stolons. Leaves tufted, ⅓–¾ in. diam., orbicular or reniform, crenate-lobed, coriaceous or almost membranous; petioles rather stout, 1–2 in. long, sheathing at the base; stipules acute or acuminate, quite entire. Umbels 3–8-flowered, on rather stout peduncles much shorter than the leaves; involucral bracts linear, obtuse, membranous. Fruit 18 in. long, linear-oblong, tetragonous, rather longer than its pedicel; carpels obscurely 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 191. Pozoa reniformis, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 15, t. 11; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88.
Auckland and Campbell Islands: Hooker, Kirk! December–January.
4. A. Haastii, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Exceedingly variable in size, 1–10 in. high. Rhizome stout, branched, with tufts of radical leaves at the tips, often with prostrate or ascending leafy and flowering branches. Leaves ⅓–2 in. diam., reniform or orbicular with usually an open sinus, glabrous or sparingly setose, coriaceous or almost fleshy, bright-green and glossy, crenate-lobed; lobes broad, shallow, rounded; margins thickened, almost cartilaginous; petioles variable in length, ½–8 in.; stipules broad, usually more or less ciliate at the tips. Umbels peduncled, many-flowered, often 1–3 secondary ones arising from the base of the primary one and far exceeding it; floral leaves cuneate, 3–4-toothed or -lobed; involucral bracts linear-oblong, obtuse. Pedicels usually much longer than the oblong tetragonous fruit; carpels obscurely 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 192. Pozoa Haastii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88. Pozoa elegans, Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 386.
North Island: Ruahine Mountains, A. Hamilton! South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, altitude 2000–5000 ft. December–February.
This varies much in most of its characters, and as a species is doubtfully distinct from A. reniformis. Ordinarily, however, it can be separated from that plant by the ciliate stipules, many-flowered umbels, and long fruiting pedicels. But the stipules are sometimes entire, and dwarf specimens frequently have short pedicels. Mr. Colenso's Pozoa elegans (as proved by the type specimens in his herbarium, labelled in his own handwriting) is founded upon the tips of the flowering shoots of A. Haastii. He describes the leaves as "2–3-foliolate," having evidently mistaken the approximate floral leaves for parts of a compound leaf.
5. A. Roughii, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Perfectly glabrous, smooth and shining. Rhizome stout, branched, terminated by numerous radical leaves, and usually with prostrate or ascending leafy flowering branches. Leaves ½–1½in. diam., orbicular or reniform, coriaceous, 3–5-foliolate or -partite; leaflets sessile, broadly obcuneate, deeply crenate-toothed or lobed at the tip; lobes rounded; petioles 1–6 in. long; stipules usually laciniate. Flowering shoots often exceeding the leaves; umbels many-flowered, usually 1–3 secondary ones arising from the base of the primary and overtopping it; involucral bracts linear-oblong, obtuse. Pedicels usually longer than the linear-oblong fruit; carpels rounded at the back, 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 192. Pozoa Roughii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 89.
South Island: Mountains of Nelson and Marlborough, from Dun Mountain to the Upper Clarence and Waiau, not uncommon. 2500–5000 ft. December–February.
This has the same habit as A. Haastii, but can always be recognised by the divided leaves. I have seen no specimens from the south of Lake Tennyson and the Upper Waiau.
6. A. hydrocotyloides, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Perfectly glabrous, stout, often densely matted. Root long and woody. Stems creeping and rooting at the nodes and putting up tufts of leaves, the runners sometimes 6 in. long or more. Leaves numerous, crowded, ¼–⅔ in. diam., orbicular or orbicular-reniform, very thick and coriaceous, 3–5-foliolate or -partite; leaflets sessile, sometimes overlapping, broadly obovate-cuneate, bluntly 3–5-lobed or -crenate at the tip; margins thickened; petioles stout, ½–1½ in. long; stipules narrow, entire or ciliate. Peduncles variable in length, solitary from the nodes of the stem or 2–4 at the top of a leaf-bearing scion. Umbels 4–15-flowered; involucral bracts linear, obtuse. Fruit linear-oblong, tetragonous, usually shorter than the pedicel; carpels 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 192. Pozoa hydrocotyloides, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88.
South Island: Canterbury—Mount Torlesse, Enys! Kirk! T.F.C.; Kowai River, Haast; Broken River, Enys! T.F.C.; Rangitata, Sinclair. Otago—Kurow Mountains and Mount St. Bathans, Petrie! 2000–4500 ft. December–February.
The creeping stems and excessively coriaceous leaves are the best marks of this curious little plant.
7. A. pallida, T. Kirk, Students' Fl. 193.—Pale-green, perfectly glabrous, smooth and shining. Rhizome creeping, leafy at the joints, and emitting creeping stolons. Leaves numerous, crowded, ⅓–¾ in. diam., orbicular or reniform, usually flaccid and membranous, rarely subcoriaceous, 3-foliolate or rarely 3-partite; leaflets obcuneate, 3–6-lobed at the tips; petioles slender, 1–3 in. long; stipules laciniate. Peduncles usually shorter than the leaves, either bearing a single terminal umbel with a 3–4-lobed leaf at its base, or with 2–3 long-stalked secondary umbels springing from the base of the primary one; sometimes the secondary umbels develop 1–2 tertiary ones in like manner. Umbels 4–12-flowered; involucral leaves linear, obtuse. Pedicels longer than the linear-oblong obtusely 4-angled fruits; carpels 5-ribbed.—Pozoa pallida, Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. x. (1878) 419.
South Island: Nelson—Mount Arthur Plateau, T. F. C.; Lake Rotoiti and Upper Wairau Valley, Kirk! T.F.C.; Lake Guyon, Kirk! Canterbury—Pukunui Creek, Kirk! Mount Torlesse, Petrie! Broken River, Enys and T.F.C. 1200–4000 ft. December–February.
8. A. nitens, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxv. (1893) 270.—Small, slender, perfectly glabrous, smooth and shining, densely matted. Rhizomes creeping, much branched and interlaced. Leaves few, minute, 16–13 in. diam., 3-foliolate or 3-partite; leaflets sessile or shortly stalked, oblong-ovate to linear-obovate, obtuse or acute, entire or obscurely 2–3-toothed, rather thin, perfectly glabrous; petioles slender, ½–1½ in. long. Peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, usually bearing a single terminal 2–3-flowered umbel with 1 or 2 3-lobed leaves below it, but often a secondary umbel is developed from the base of the primary one; involucral leaves linear, acute. Fruits minute, 115 in. long, obtusely tetragonous, rather turgid, about equalling the pedicels; capsules obscurely 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students Fl. 193.
South Island: Nelson—Lake Guyon, Kirk! Canterbury—Broken River basin, Enys! Kirk! T.F.C. Otago—Lake Te Anau and Clinton Valley, Petrie. 700–3000 ft. December–January.
A very distinct little plant, in habit somewhat agreeing with small forms of Hydrocotyle tripartita.
9. A. trifoliolata, Benth. and Hook. f. l.c.—Very slender, with much of the habit and appearance of a Hydrocotyle. Stems filiform, branched, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 2–12 in. long. Leaves 2–6 at each node, membranous, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, 3-foliolate; leaflets 15–12 in. long, shortly stalked or sessile, obovate-cuneate to flabellate, irregularly 2–6-lobed or -toothed; lobes obtuse or apiculate; petioles slender, 1–4 in. long; stipules small, ciliate. Peduncles much shorter than the leaves, usually 2–3 springing from the same point. Umbels 2–8-flowered; involucral bracts subulate, ciliate or laciniate. Fruits obtusely tetragonous, longer than their pedicels; carpels rounded at the back, 5-ribbed.—Kirk, Students Fl. 193. Pozoa trifoliolata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 85, t. 18; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 88. P. microdonta. Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxiii. (1891) 387.
North and South Islands: Not uncommon from Hawke's Bay and Taranaki southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November–February.
3. ERYNGIUM, Linn.
Perennial herbs. Leaves usually rigid and coriaceous, spinous-toothed. entire lobed or dissected. Flowers sessile in dense heads, with a bracteole under each flower, and a whorl of rigid often spinous-pointed bracts at the base of the head. Calyx-tube clothed with hyaline scales; teeth rigid, acute. Petals narrow, erect, deeply notched, with a long inflected point. Fruit ovoid or obovoid, scarcely compressed, covered with hyaline scales or tubercles; carpels semi-terete, primary ridges obscure, secondarv wanting; vittæ inconspicuous or absent.
A large genus of over 150 species, spread through most temperate and subtropical regions, but most plentiful in South America and western Asia. The single species found in New Zealand extends to Australia as well.
1. E. vesiculosum, Lab. Nov. Holl. Pl. i. 73, t. 98.—A harsh and rigid spinous herb 2–9 in. high, with tufted radical leaves and prostrate stems much resembling stolons but not rooting. Radical leaves crowded, rosulate, 3–6 in. long, lanceolate or oblanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, deeply toothed or almost pinnatifid, the teeth spinescent, narrowed into a broad flat petiole. Cauline leaves much smaller, opposite, cuneate or linear-cuneate, with fewer spinous teeth. Peduncles radical or from the nodes, ½–2 in. long, bearing a single globose or broadly ovoid head ½–¾ in. diam. Involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, rigid and spinous, spreading, far exceeding the flowers. Calyx-tube densely scaly.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 85; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 370.
North and South Islands: On sandy beaches from the East Cape to the north of Otago, but often local. December–January. Also in Australia and Tasmania.
4. ACTINOTUS, Labill.
Annual or perennial herbs, erect and branching or low and densely tufted. Leaves toothed, lobed or ternately divided. Umbels simple, with an involucre of spreading bracts. Calyx-limb 5-toothed, rarely inconspicuous. Petals 5, ungaiculate or spathulate or wanting. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2, often united at the base. Fruit ovate, of a single carpel, compressed from front to back; ribs 5, often obscure.
A small genus of about 10 species, confined to Australia and New Zealand. It is remarkable for the 1-celled ovary and single carpel of the fruit.
1. A. novæ-zealandiæ, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. [[Manual of the New Zealand Flora/Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute/Volume 13/Article 40#324|xiii. (1881) 324.—Small, densely tufted. Stems creeping, interlaced and matted, forming flat compact patches. Branches villous or shaggy with soft white hairs. Leaves 112–16 long, oblong or oblong-spathulate, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, quite entire, coriaceous and fleshy, glandular at the apex, glabrous or with a pencil of hairs at the tip. Peduncle ¼–¾ in. long, usually villous with soft spreading hairs, naked or with a single bract towards the top. Involucral bracts usually 5, broadly ovate or almost rounded, obtuse. Flowers 4–5. Calyx-limb apparently wanting. Petals absent. Stamens 2. Carpels somewhat compressed, convex on the outer face, obscurely ribbed.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 195. A. bellidioides, Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 369 (in part). Hemiphues suffocata. Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 471. H. bellidioides var. suffocata, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 158, t. 36a.
South Island: Nelson—Mountains near the Heaphy River, Dall! Mount Rochfort, Rev. F. H. Spencer! W. Townson! Otago—Blue Mountains, Petrie! Longwood Range, Kirk! Stewart Island: Apparently not uncommon, Petrie! Thomson! Kirk! Sea-level to 3500 ft. Also in Tasmania.
5. APIUM, Linn.
Erect or prostrate glabrous herbs. Leaves ternately or pinnately divided. Umbels compound, leaf-opposed or terminal. Involucral bracts usually wanting. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate, concave, usually inflected at the tip. Fruit ovate or broader than long, slightly compressed laterally, constricted at the commissure. Carpels ovoid, with five prominent obtuse nearly equal ribs. Vittæ 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural side.
A genus of about 15 species, widely dispersed in most parts of the world. In addition to the single indigenous species, two others have become naturalised in New Zealand—the wild celery (A. graveolens, Linn.), which is very closely allied to A. prostratum, differing chiefly in the erect habit and thinner ribs to the carpels; and A. leptophyllum, F. MuelL, a common plant in many warm climates, and which can be recognised by the slender habit and ternately divided leaves with filiform segments.
1. A. prostratum, Lab. Relat. i. 141.—Very variable in size and degree of stoutness. Root sometimes as thick as the thumb. Stems prostrate or decumbent, more rarely suberect, sometimes rooting at the base, 6-24 in. long or more, stout or slender, branched, grooved, quite glabrous. Leaves excessively variable, 2–9 in. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, sometimes trifoliolace; leaflets sessile or petioled, 3-partite, the segments broad or narrow, coriaceous or membranous, incised or again deeply lobed. Umbels sessile or very shortly pendunculate; rays 3–15, ½–2 in. long, each bearing a secondary umbel of rather small white flowers on slender pedicels ¼ in. long. Involucral bracts wanting. Fruit broadly ovoid, 112–110 carpels with prominent almost corky ribs vittæ not very conspicuous.—Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 76, t. 103; Kirk Students' Fl. 196. A. australe, Thouars Fl. Trist. d'Acugn. 43; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 86; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90; Benth. Fl Austral. iii. 372. Petroselinum prostratum, D.C. Prodr. iv. 102; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 278; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 503.
Var. a.—Stems usually stout. Leaves pinnate; leaflets cut into numerous broad-obovate or obcuneate segments.
Var. b.—Stems usually stout. Leaves pinnate; leaflets cut into numerous narrow-linear or lanceolate acute segments.—Petroselinum prostratum, D.C. var. b, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 305.
Var. c, filiforme.—Stems slender, prostrate. Leaves usually 3-foliolate; leaflets petioled, variously lobed or cut.—A. filiforme, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 819; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 87; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 90. Petroselinum filiforme, A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 278; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 504.
Kermadec Islands, North and South Islands, Stewart Island: Common throughout on the shores; the var. filiforme sometimes found inland as well. November–March. Also in Australia and Tasmania, Antarctic America, South Africa, and Tristan d'Acunha.
The extreme forms of this variable plant are very dissimilar, but are connected by numerous intermediates.
6. OREOMYRRHIS, Endl.
Perennial herbs, tufted or more rarely diffusely branched, glabrous pubescent or villous. Leaves pinnately divided or decompound. Umbels simple, solitary on a scape or peduncle; involucral bracts numerous, ovate or lanceolate. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals oblong, acute, with a short incurved tip. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong, usually tapering to the apex, slightly compressed laterally; carpels subterete, with 5 equal obtuse ribs, the 2 lateral ones close to the commissure. Vittæ 1 in each furrow and 2 on the commissural face. Seed nearly terete, but grooved on the commissural side.
A genus of 5 or 6 species, all of which are natives of America, from Mexico to the Falkland Islands, one of them extending to Australia and New Zealand.
1. O. andicola, Endl. Gen. Plant. 787.—Exceedingly variable in stature and habit, 2–24 in. high, either stemless with radical leaves and scapes or much branched from the base, with short or long slender sparingly divided leafy stems, glabrescent or tomentose or pilose. Leaves usually numerous, mostly radical, 1–6 in. long, linear-oblong, pinnate or 2-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid or variously toothed or incised. Peduncles several, usually springing from the rootstocks, but in the branched varieties axillary as well, longer or shorter than the leaves, glabrescent or pilose, especially towards the tip, where the hairs are usually reversed. Umbels few- or many-flowered; involucral bracts 6–8, ovate to linear. Flowers at first sessile, but pedicels lengthening as the fruit ripens, often unequally so. Fruit linear- or ovate-oblong, glabrous or more or less densely pubescent.—Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 288, t. 101; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 377; Kirk, Students' Fl. 197.
Var. Colensoi, Kirk, l.c. 198.—Leaves all radical, pinnate or 2-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid or incised, ultimate segments acute. Scapes numerous, simple.—O. Colensoi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 92; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 91. O. Haastii, Hook. f. l.c.
Var. rigida, Kirk, l.c.—Stems stout, branched at the base only, 4–8 in. high. Leaves 2-pinnate, pubescent or tomentose; leaflets pinnatifid or deeply incised. Scapes stout and rigid, often depressed. Fruits linear.
Var. ramosa, Kirk, l.c.—Stems slender, much branched, often 2 ft. long. Leaves pinnate; leaflets membranous, distant, the lowest petioled, deeply 3–5-lobed or -partite or again pinnate, ultimate segments obtuse or subacute. Peduncles axillary, longer or shorter than the leaves, 3–8-flowered; pedicels unequal, sometimes 2 in. long. Fruits glabrous or pubescent.—O. ramosa, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 91. Mr. Kirk's var. apiculata appears to be a form of this.
North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Abundant from the East Cape southwards. Sea-level to 4500 ft. November–February. Also in. Australia and Tasmania and in South America.
I have followed Mr. Bentham and the "Index Kewensis" in uniting the three New Zealand species described by Hooker with the American and Australian O. andicola. Any large series of specimens will show that the development or non-development of a branched stem, and the amount of pubescence, which were the characters relied upon for the separation of the species, are in Oreomyrrhis far too variable and inconstant to be employed for that purpose.
7. CRANTZIA, Nutt.
A small creeping herb. Leaves linear, terete or compressed, undivided, transversely septate. Umbels simple, with minute involucral bracts. Flowers minute. Calyx-teeth small. Petals concave, acute, imbricate in the bud. Fruit ovoid-globose, slightly flattened laterally. Carpels nearly terete, with 5 ribs separated by furrows, the lateral ribs forming a thick and corky mass near the commissure. Vittae 1 under each furrow and 2 at the commissure.
A monotypic genus, found in the United States and Mexico, extra-tropical and Andine South America, Australia and Tasmania, and New Zealand.
1. C. lineata, Nutt. Gen. N. Amer. Pl. i. 177.—Perfectly glabrous. Rhizome slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 2–6 in. long or more. Leaves usually tufted at the nodes, variable in size, ½–4 in. long, narrow-linear, fistulose, terete or sub-compressed, obtuse at the tip, transversely septate internally. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves, filiform, bearing a single 2–8-flowered umbel. Flowers white. Fruit 112 in. long.—Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 287, t. 100; Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 87; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 89; Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 374; Kirk, Students' Fl. 199.
North and South Islands, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands: Abundant in wet places from the North Cape southwards. Sea-level to 2500 ft. November–February.
A very variable little plant. When completely submerged the leaves are fistulose and terete, softer in texture, and usually much larger; but when growing in places that are dry for a considerable part of the year the leaves are often much compressed and minute.
8. ACIPHYLLA, Forst.
Erect and rigid usually spinescent glabrous perennials, often of large size. Leaves thick and coriaceous, pinnate or 2–3-pinnate, the rhachis transversely jointed at the insertion of the leaflets, leaf-segments usually ending in stout rigid spines. Umbels compound, in the axils of spinescent floral leaves or bracts, usually forming a more or less dense paniculate or spicate inflorescence; male umbels much more lax than the females. Flowers unisexual, usually diœcious. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals incurved, rarely with an inflexed tip. Stylopodia depressed in the male flowers, erect and conical in the female. Fruit oblong or linear-oblong; carpels with narrowly winged ridges, usually one 5-winged and the other 4- winged, or both 5-winged or 4- winged, or not rarely one carpel is 3- winged and the other 4- winged. Vittæ 1–3 under each furrow and 2–5 on the commissural face.
A genus confined to New Zealand, with the exception of 2 species found in the Australian Alps. It is mainly characterized by its remarkably distinct habit and spinescent leaves and bracts, the flowers and fruit being very similar to those of Ligusticum. Two of the species—A. Colensoi and A. squarrosa—often form almost impenetrable thickets in subalpine districts.
| A. Leaves rigid and coriaceous, pungent-pointed. Fruit small, 110–13 in., subterete or slightly compressed. | |
| * Tall and stout, 2–5 ft. or more. Inflorescence a dense linear-oblong panicle, often several feet in length. | |
| 2–8 ft. high. Leaves 1–2-pinnate; leaflets broad, ¼–¾ in., excessively rigid and spinous. Middle lobe of bract not refracted | 1. A. Colensoi. |
| 2–6 ft. high. Leaves 2–3-pinnate; leaflets narrow, 16–18 in. broad. Middle lobe of bract refracted | 2. A. squarrosa. |
| 1–3 ft. high. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets ¼–½ in. broad, transversely jointed. Fruit narrow linear-oblong | 3. A. Traversii. |
| ** Small, 4–18 in. high, rarely more. Male inflorescence paniculate; female much contracted, almost concealed in the sheaths of the bracts. | |
| 4–12 in. high. Leaves 1–2-pinnate; leaflets almost squarrose, very short, 16–12 in. long, flat, grooved above | 4. A. Hookeri. |
| 12–24 in. high, polished and shining. Leaves pinnate; leaflets 3–9 in. long, 110–15 in. broad | 5. A. Lyallii. |
| 10–16 in. high. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets 1½–4 in. long, 16–15 in. broad | 6. A. Hectori. |
| 3–7 in. high. Leaves trifoliolate or simple; leaflets 1–2 in. long, 112–18 in. broad | 7. A. Traillii. |
| 6–12 in. high, excessively rigid and coriaceous. Leaves 4–9 in., simple or forked or 3-fid; segments ¼–½ in. broad | 8. A. Kirkii. |
| *** Small, 4–18 in. high. Both male and female inflorescence broad and paniculate. | |
| Leaves coriaceous, pinnate or 2-pinnate at the base; leaflets 112–14 in. broad | 9. A. Monroi. |
| Leaves firm but hardly coriaceous, 2–3-pinnate; leaflets 130–120 in. wide | 10. A. polita. |
| **** Small, densely tufted, 3–4 in. high. Umbels few, terminal, forming a globose head. | |
| Leaves densely imbricating, 3-fid | 11. A. Dobsoni. |
| Leaves densely imbricating, quite entire | 12. A. simplex. |
| B. Leaves flaccid. Fruit large, ½–¾ in. long, oblong, much compressed; carpels broadly 3- or 2-winged. | |
| Stout, 2–3 ft. high. Leaves 3–4-pinnate. Inflorescence loosely paniculate | 13. A. Dieffenbachii. |
1. A. Colensoi, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92.— Stem stout, erect, 2–5 ft. high, 2–3 in. diam. at the base, deeply grooved. Radical leaves numerous, forming a circle of bayonet-like spikes round the base of the stem, 1–2½ ft. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate at the base, with few secondary leaflets; leaflets 5–15 in. long, ¼–½ in. wide or more, narrow-linear, acuminate, terminating in a long and stout spine, excessively thick and coriaceous, rigid, striate, margins rough with minute serrulations; sheaths broad, sometimes quite 2 in. across, very thick and coriaceous, produced on each side above into a spinous simple or forked narrow-linear leaflet 2–6 in. long. Inflorescence a narrow-oblong cylindrical panicle composed of numerous umbels on branched peduncles springing from the axils of spinous bracts; male inflorescence much more lax than the female. Bracts with broad sheaths and a 3–5-partite limb, the middle segment much the longest, not refracted. Flowers white; calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, ¼–⅓ in. long; carpels usually one 4-winged the other 3- winged, but sometimes both 4-winged or both 3-winged. Vittæ 2–4 in the interspaces and 5–6 on the commissural face.—Lindsay, Contr. N.Z. Bot. 49, t. 1; Kirk, Students' Fl. 207. A. squarrosa var. b latifolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 88.
Var. conspicua, Kirk, l.c.—Leaf-segments not so rigid, with a broad orange or red midcib. Bracts bright-orange, often pinnately divided.
Var. maxima, Kirk, l.c.—Taller and stouter. Stem 4–10 ft. high, 2–4 in. diam. at the base. Leaves 1½–5 ft. long; segments ¾ in. broad or even more, still more rigid and pungent. Peduncles and pedicels longer. Fruit larger, 25 in. long.
North and South Islands: Common in mountain districts from the East Cape to Southland; most abundant between 1000–3000 ft., but ascending to nearly 5000 ft., and occasionally coming down to sea-level. Var. conspicua: North Island: Locality not stated, Herb. Colenso! Ruahine Mountains, W. F. Howlett! South Island: Wangapeka, Kingsley; Mount Murchison, Townson! Upper Waimakariri, Cockayne! T.F.C. Var. maxima: Mountain districts from Nelson to Otago, not uncommon. Taramea; Spaniard. December–January.
By far the finest species of the genus; easily distinguished from all others by the large size and broad leaf-segments. The two varieties described above have a very distinct appearance, but the differences are hardly of specific value.
2. A. squarrosa, Forst. Char. Gen. 136, t. 38.—Stem tall, stout, erect, 2–6 ft. high, 2–4 in. diam. below, deeply grooved, surrounded at the base by the numerous spreading spmous-pointed leaves. Eadical leaves 1–3 ft. long, 2–3-pinnate; ultimate leaflets crowded, 6–12 in. long or more, very narrow-linear, 16–18 in. broad, coriaceous and rigid, deeply striate, gradually narrowed into rigid, spinous points, margins rough with minute serrulations; sheaths broad, produced above on each side into a long pinnately divided spinous leaflet. Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle composed of numerous umbels almost concealed in the axils of spinous bracts; female inflorescence much more contracted than the male. Bracts with a broad linear-oblong sheath tipped with 3–5 long rigid spines, the middle one much the longest and usually sharply refracted when the fruit is mature. Fruit oblong, ¼–⅓ in. long; carpels usually one with 4 wings, the other with 3. Vittæ 2–3 in the interspaces and 4–6 on the commissural face.—Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 607, 608; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 87; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92. Ligusticum aciphylla, Spreng. in Schultes Syst. Veg. 554. A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 274; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 605; Raoul, Choix, 46.
3. A. Traversii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 729.—Stem stout, erect, 1–3 ft. high, 1–2 in. diameter at the base, grooved, purplish below. Radical leaves numerous, 6–30 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 2–4 pairs, 4–15 in. long, 16–12 in. broad, narrow-linear, pungent-pointed, coriaceous, striate, conspicuously transversely articulate, margins smooth or nearly so; petioles 4–10 in. long, sheaths broad, terminated by 2 short spines above. Bracts with a broad rather membranous sheath tipped with a simple or 3-fid leaflet; lobes hardly pungent. Umbels very numerous, solitary or two together in the axils of the bracts; males on peduncles 1–5 in. long, forming a rather open panicle; females on much shorter stalks and inflorescence much more dense. Flowers often polygamous. Fruit narrow linear-oblong, 25 in. long; carpels one 4-winged and the other 3-winged. Vittæ 1–2 in the interspaces and 3–5 on the commissural face.—Kirk, Students Fl. 208. Gingidium Traversii, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 18.
Chatham Islands: H. H. Travers, Captain G. Mair, F. A. D. Cox! Taramea. November–December.
Closely allied to A. Colensoi, from which it principally differs in the less rigid and transversely jointed leaf-segments, thinner and scarcely pungent bracts, and narrower fruit.
4. A. Hookeri, T. Kirk, Students' Fl. 209.—Erect, 4–12 in. high. Root long, stout, fusiform. Radical leaves numerous, often curved outwards at the tip, 2–8 m. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate; primary leaflets 2–5 pairs, crowded or rather remote, ½–1½ in. long, simple or forked or trifid or pinnately divided; segments ¼–¾ in. long, linear, spreading or squarrose, flat, grooved above, rigid and coriaceous, narrowed into a spinous point. Petiole more than half the length of the blade, weak and flaccid below, with a long narrow membranous sheath produced into two short spines at the top. Male scape short, leafy below; bracts numerous, with long membranous sheaths and pinnately divided rigid acicular tips, the lowest sometimes 3 in. long. Umbels numerous, compound, on slender peduncles equalling or shorter than the bract-sheath; rays unequal. Female umbels much smaller, densely packed, forming a narrow contracted panicle; bracts much shorter. Fruit linear-oblong, 15 in. long; carpels 4–5-ribbed.
South Island: Nelson—Mountains near the source of the Heaphy River, Dall! Mount Faraday and Mount Buckland (near Westport), W. Townson! 2500–4500 ft. December–February.
A very singular and distinct species. It can be recognised at once by the short flat almost squarrose leaf-segments.
5. A. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 92.—Erect, smooth and shining. Stems 1–2 ft. high or more, ⅓–⅔ in. diam. at the base, deeply grooved. Leaves numerous, 4–12 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 5–9, 3–9 in. long, 112–15 broad, very narrow-linear, acuminate, gradually narrowed into spinous points, rigid and coriaceous, striate; margins minutely serrulate; sheaths rather narrow, produced at the top into two long spines. Inflorescence forming a linear-oblong spike-like panicle. Bracts with broad sheaths and 3–5 spinous leaflets. Male umbels on slender peduncles 1–3 in. long; female on much shorter peduncles, almost concealed in the sheaths of the bracts. Fruit narrow-oblong, 15 in. long; carpels 4–5-winged. Vittæ 1–2 in the interspaces, 2–4 on the commissural face.—Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2556; Kirk, Students' Fl. 209. A. montana, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. iv. (1872) 290.
Var. crenulata.—Rather taller, much less rigid and coriaceous. Leaves sometimes almost flaccid; margins serrulate; midrib often bright-red. Inflorescence more open, with longer and more leafy bracts. Carpels 4-winged, or one 3-winged.— A. crenulata, Armstr. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiii. (1881) 336; Kirk, Students' Fl. 208.
South Island: The typical form apparently rare. Rangitata Range and Ashburnham Glacier, Haast; Mount Ida, Petrie! H. J. Matthews! Humboldt Mountains, Cockayne! Var. crenulata: Not uncommon on the central and western slopes of the Southern Alps, from Mount Arthur, Nelson, to Lake Wanaka. 3000—5000 ft. December—January.
6. A. Hectori, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 346, t. 27.—Stem 10—16 in. high, stout, deeply grooved. Leaves numerous, 3—6 in. long, trifoliolate or rarely pinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets;, leaflets 1½—4 in. long, 16–15 in. broad, narrow-linear, suddenly narrowed into a spinous point, smooth, rigid and coriaceous, striate: margins thickened, entire or serrulate; sheaths long, narrow] produced at the top into 2 very long leaflets almost equalling the leaves proper. Inflorescence forming a contracted spike-like panicle 2–5 in. long. Male umbels on slender peduncles; female on much shorter ones, crowded in the axils of the bracts. Bracts with long narrow sheaths and 3 narrow spinous leaflets. Carpels linear-oblong, 3–5-winged.
South Island: Otago—Hector's Col, near Mount Aspiring, Buchanan; Mount Kyehnrn, H. J. Matthews! 4000–5000 ft. January–February.
Mr. Kirk reduced this to A. Lyallii in the "Students' Flora," but it differs from that species in the trifoliolate leaves, and in the leaflets at the top of the leaf-sheath being almost as long as the leaves proper, whereas they do not reach the base of the lowest pinnule in A. Lyallii. It is much nearer to A. Traillii which may be a depauperated state of it.
7. A. Traillii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xvi. (1884) 371.—Small, 3–7 in. high, clothed below with the bases of the old leaves. Leaves 2–4 in. long, simple or 3-foliolate, or rarely pinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one; leaflets 1–3 in. long, 112–18 in. broad, narrow-linear, pungent-pointed, rigid and coriaceous when dry, striate, margins thickened; petiole short, sheath narrow, rather membranous. Scape slender; bracts long, with broad membranous sheaths and a long simple or 3-partite pungent leaflet at the top. Male umbels distant or crowded, on short peduncles or almost sessile; females much smaller, concealed in the tumid sheaths of the bracts. Fruit linear-oblong, 110–18 in. long; carpels 5-ribbed. Vittæ 1 or rarely 2 in the interspaces, 2 or 4 on the commissural face.—Students' Fl. 210.
South Island: Otago—Mount Ida and Mount Kyeburn, Petrie! Stewart Island: Mounts Anglem and Rakiahua, Kirk! Goyen! 2000–3500 ft. December–January.
Not far removed from A. Lyallii, but smaller in all its parts, and with the leaves simple or 3-foliolate, rarely pinnate. Still more closely allied to A. Hectori.
8. A. Kirkii, Buch. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xix. (1887) 214, t. 17.—Stout, erect, smooth and polished, 6–12 in. high. Leaves all radical, yellowish-brown, 4–9 in. long, ¼–½ in. broad or more, simple or forked or 3-foliolate, excessively thick and coriaceous, striate, suddenly narrowed into a short spinous point; sheath short and narrow, jointed at its junction with the blade. Flowering scape stout, naked below, grooved. Bracts coriaceous, spinous, simple or 2–3-partite. Male umbels shortly peduncled; females almost sessile in the axils of the bracts, crowded, forming a dense spicate inflorescence 2–3 in. long. Fruit linear-oblong, 15 in. long; carpels 4–5-winged. Vittæ 1–2 in the interspaces, 4 on the commissural face.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 209.
South Island: Otago—Mount Alta, Buchanan! Hector Mountains, hill near Mount Aspiring, Petrie! 5000–6000 ft. January.
A very remarkable plant, of which more complete specimens are required to draw up a good description. My only knowledge of the male flowers is derived from Mr. Buchanan's plate.
9. A. Monroi, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. ii. 330.—Stems 4–18 in. high, densely clothed below with the remains of the old leaves, smooth and shining. Radical leaves numerous, 3–9 in. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate below; leaflets 2–6 pairs, ½–2 in. long, 112–14 in. wide, linear, pungent, rigid and coriaceous, striate; sheaths long and narrow, membranous or flaccid, with two subulate leaflets at the top. Umbels compound, forming an open branched panicle 1½–4in. long. Bracts spreading, sheaths often broad and membranous, tipped by a pinnately divided leaflet. Peduncles of the male umbels ½–2 in. long, females about half the length; rays numerous, slender, spreading; involucral bracts linear. Fruit 16 in. long, linear-oblong; carpels 5-winged or rarely 4-winged. Vittæ 1–2 in the interspaces, 2–4 on the commissural face.—Handb. N.Z. Fl. 93; Kirk, Students Fl. 210.}}
South Island: Abundant in mountain districts throughout. 3000–6500 ft. December–January.
A variable plant. The leaves are sometimes uniformly 1-pinnate with rather broad leaflets, at other times 2-pinnate at the base with narrower leaflets. The female umbels are usually paniculate, but occasionally the panicle is somewhat contracted, showing an approach to that of A. Lyallii.
10. A. polita, Cheesem.—Stems erect, 3–12 in. high, clothed at the base with the sheaths of the old leaves. Radical leaves numerous, very slender, firm but hardly coriaceous, 2–6 in. long or more, 2–3-pinnate; primary divisions 4–6 pairs; ultimate segments very narrow-linear, almost capillary, not more than 130 in. broad, mucronate but hardly pungent; petiole as long as the blade, sheath broad, membranous, produced at the tip into 2 almost filiform leaflets. Umbels compound, forming a loose open panicle, female slightly more contracted than the male. Bracts with a broad sheathing base, tipped with a pinnately divided leaflet. Male peduncles ½–1½ in. long, female ⅓–¾ in.; involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate. Pedicels short. Flowers white. Fruit narrow-oblong, not seen fully ripe, about 18 in. long.—Ligusticum politum, Kirk, Students' Fl. 202.
South Island: Nelson—Mount Duppa, Macmahon! Ben Nevis, Mount Starveall, and Mount Luna, Gibbs, Bryant, Kingsley; Mount Arthur Plateau and Mount Peel, T.F.C.; Mount Lockett, Gibbs! 4000–5500 ft. December–January.
Very closely allied to A. Monroi, but much more slender, and with less coriaceous almost membranous leaves, which are much more finely divided, the segments being sometimes nearly capillary. Mr. Kirk referred it to Ligusticum in the "Students' Flora," but it must certainly remain in the neighbourhood of A. Monroi.
11. A. Dobsoni, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 93.—Stout, smooth and shining, forming compact yellowish-brown patches 3–6 in. diam. Rootstock thick and woody, branched at the top. Leaves all radical, very numerous, densely imbricated, excessively thick and coriaceous, 1½–3 in. long; sheaths ½–1½ in. or more, ¾ in. broad; leaflets 3 at the top of the sheath, about equal, 1–2 in. long, ⅓ in. broad at the base, linear-subulate or dagger-shaped, rigid, concave, transversely jointed, keeled at the back towards the top, pungent-pointed. Flowering-stem very stout, almost as thick as the little finger, grooved. Umbels 4–5, clustered at the top of the stem, forming a capitate inflorescence; peduncles short, thick. Fruiting umbels densely packed, forming a rounded head 1 in. in diam. or more. Fruit linear-oblong, 18 in. long; carpels 4–5-winged, but not seen quite ripe.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 210.
South Island: On shingle-slopes, rare. Canterbury—Mount Dobson, Dobson and Haast, T.F.C.; mountains above Lake Ohau, Buchanan! Otago—Near Lake Hawea, Haast; Mount St. Bathans, Petrie! 5000–6500 ft.
A most remarkable plant, nowhere plentiful, and seldom seen in flower or fruit.
12. A. simplex, Petrie in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxii. (1890) 440.—Very similar to A. Dobsoni, and with precisely the same habit, but differing in the leaves, which are less coriaceous and quite entire, l½–3 in. long; lower half expanded into a broad sheath; blade linear-subulate, rigid and coriaceous, concave above, obtusely rounded at the tip with a short pungent mucro, transversely jointed and often longitudinally grooved, midrib usually evident, margins thickened. Flowering-stem stout, 1½–3 in. long; umbels and flowers as in A. Dobsoni. Ripe fruit not seen.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 211.
South Island: Otago—Mounts Pisa and Cardrona, and the Hector Mountains, Petrie! 5000–6000 ft. February.
13. A. Dieffenbachii, Kirk, Students' Fl. 211.—Stem stout, erect, 2–3 ft. high, 1–1½ in. diam. at the base, grooved. Leaves all radical, 1–2 ft. long, 4–8 in. broad, flaccid, greyish-green, 3–4-pinnate; petiole usually more than half the length, sheath with two blunt lobes at the top; blade oblong or ovate-oblong in outline; primary pinnae 4–5 pairs; segments 1½–3 in. long, 110 in broad, linear, flat, striate, mucronate. Inflorescence broad, loosely paniculate, of numerous pedunculate compound umbels. Bracts with a broad sheath and rather large pinnatisect lamina. Peduncles 2–5 in. long; rays of the male umbels numerous, slender, of the females about 6; involucral bracts few, linear-subulate. Fruit large, 58 in. long, 38 in. broad, broadly oblong, much dorsally compressed; carpels one 3-winged and the other 2-winged, rarely both 3-winged. Vittæ 1 in each interspace and 2 on the commissural face.—Ligusticum Dieffenbachii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 729. Gingidium Dieffenbachii, F. Muell. Veg. Chath. Is. 17, t. 1.
Chatham Islands: Rare, H. H. Travers! F. A. D. Cox!
The fruit of this is quite unlike that of Aciphylla, Ligusticum, or Angelica, to all of which genera it has been referred. Mr. Kirk is probably correct in considering that it will ultimately form the type of a new genus.
9. LIGUSTICUM, Linn.
Perennial herbs, often large and stout, usually with aromatic or strong-smelling foliage or roots. Leaves 1–2–3-pinnate or ternately divided; rhachis articulated at the insertion of the leaflets. Umbels compound, rarely simple, usually of many rays; involucral bracts few or many, sometimes wanting. Flowers white or red, polygamous or diœcious. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals incurved at the tip. Fruit linear-oblong, oblong, or ovate-oblong; carpels rounded or dorsally compressed, each with 5 equal narrowly winged ridges, or one carpel 5–4-winged, the other 4–3-winged. Vittæ usually numerous in the interspaces in the northern species, seldom more than 1 in each interspace in the southern.
A genus of from 30 to 40 species, widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in the Southern Hemisphere confined to New Zealand, with the exception of a few species found in South America and one in Australia. All the New Zealand species are endemic.
| A. Leaves 2–3-pinnate or decompound. | |
| * Tall, stout, leafy, 2–4 ft. high or more. | |
| Very tall and stout, 3–6 ft. Leaves 2-pinnate; leaflets ovate-oblong, decurrent at the base; lobes pungent | 1. L. latifolium. |
| Robust, 2–4 ft. Leaves 2–3-pinnate; ultimate segments linear-subulate, pungent | 2. L. antipodum. |
| Stems 3–5 ft., without milky juice. Leaves 3-pinnate; leaflets ovate; lobes acute; petioles with a hooded ligule | 3. L. acutifolium. |
| Stems 1–2 ft., with milky juice. Leaves 2–3-pinnate; leaflets ovate, cuneate at the base; lobes broad, obtuse; petioles without a ligule | 4. L. intermedium. |
| Stems 1½–2½ ft. Leaves 2–3-pinnate; leaflets oblong, cut into narrow obtuse lobes | 5. L. Lyallii. |
| Stems 1–2 ft. Leaves 2–4-pinnate; leaflets cut into narrow-linear piliferous lobes. Styles slender | 6. L. Haastii. |
| ** Small, 4–15 in. high, rarely taller. | |
| Slender, 5–15 in. Leaves flaccid, 2-pinnate; leaflets cut into filiform hair-pointed lobes. Styles short | 7. L. brevistyle. |
| Stout, 5–15 in. Leaves coriaceous, 2–3-pinnate; leaflets cut into linear rigid and pungent lobes | 8. L. dissectum. |
| Very slender, 5–15 in. Leaves membranous, 2–3-ternately divided; leaflets few, flat, linear or filiform, acute | 9. L. filifolium. |
| Stout, 2–6 in. Leaves deltoid, membranous, 2-ternately divided; leaflets cuneate-deltoid, deeply incised | 10. L. deltoideum. |
| Stout, thick, and fleshy, 3–6 in. Leaves few, 2–3-ternately multifid. Involucral bracts like the leaves, very large, overtopping the umbel | 11. L. carosulum. |
| Slender, spreading, 6–12 in. Leaves 1–2-pinnate; leaflets distant, cut into narrow-linear acute lobes. Umbels simple, 6–10-flowered | 12. L. patulum. |
| B. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate. | |
| Stout, 8–4 in. Leaflets large, ovate-deltoid, toothed or lobed; lobes piliferous | 13. L. piliferum. |
| Slender, 2–12 in. Leaflets small, orbicular or flabellate, toothed or incised | 14. L. aromaticum. |
| Small, densely tufted, 1–3 in. Leaves imbricate; leaflets palmately 3–6-lobed, bristle-pointed | 15. L. imbricatum. |
| Stout, depressed, 3–4 in. Leaflets glaucous, ovate, sharply toothed or lobed | 16. L. Enysii. |
| Minute, ½–2 in. Leaflets 1–2 pairs, flabellate, entire or obscurely crenate | 17. L. flabellatum. |
1. L. latifolium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94.—Tall, stout, erect, coriaceous, 3–6 ft. high or more. Stem frequently 3–4 in. diam. at the base, grooved. Radical leaves 1–2 ft. long, coriaceous, deep shinmg green; petioles long, ¾–1 in. diam., broadly sheathing at the base; blade ovate in outline, 2-pinnate; primary divisions 2–6 in. long, linear-oblong; secondary obliquely ovate-oblong with broad decurrent bases, unequally 3–5-lobed; lobes acuminate, with acicular points and thickened margins; veins reticulate. Bracts very large, with broad concave bases 2–3 in. diam., and smaller foliaceous tips. Umbels numerous, compound, 2–3 in. diam., diœcious or polygamous; involucral bracts linear, acute. Flowers red. Fruit 16 in. long; carpels with 5 ridges, rarely with 4 or 3; vittæ solitary under each furrow.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 200. Anisotome latifolia, Hook. Fl. Antarct. i. 16, t. 8. Calosciadium latifoiium, Endl. ex. Walp. Ann. ii. 702.
Var. angustatum, Kirk, l.c.—Ultimate segments of the leaves narrower, ¼ in. wide or less, acicular points longer.
Auckland and Campbell Islands: Abundant in moist places throughout the group. December–January.
A noble species, said to occasionally reach the height of 6–8 ft.
2. L. antipodum, Homb. and Jacq. ex Dcne. Bot. Voy. Astrol. et Zél. 63, t. 3.—Stems 2–4 ft. high, very stout, deeply furrowed. Leaves 1–2 ft. long, coriaceous; petiole as thick as the thumb, sheathing at the base; blade oblong, 2–3 pinnate; ultimate segments very numerous, rigid, crowded, 1 in. long, 115–112 broad, linear-subulate, pungent-pointed. Bracts smaller and narrower than in L. latifolium. Umbels numerous, compound, 2 in. diam., diœcious or polygamous; involucral bracts narrow-linear. Flowers red. Fruit ¼ in. long, narrow-oblong; carpels one with 5 wings, the other 3-winged.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94; Kirk, Students Fl. 200. Anisotome antipoda, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 17, t. 9, 10. Calosciadium antipodum, Endl. ex Walp. Ann. ii. 702.
Auckland and Campbell Islands, Antipodes Island: Abundant throughout the group, Sir J. D. Hooker, Kirk! December–January.
Almost as fine a plant as the preceding, which is its nearest ally, and from which it is easily separated by the finely divided leave with numerous linear segments.
3. L. acutifolium, T. Kirk in Journ. Bot. (1891) 237.—Stems 3–5 ft. high, stout, deeply furrowed; rootstock as thick as the wrist. Leaves spreading, 2 ft. long or more, 6–9 in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, 3-pinnate; segments broad, acute, sharply toothed; petiole stout, finely grooved, the upper part of the sheath free, forming a ligule. Flowers not seen. Fruiting umbels 2–2½ in. diam., dense, compound; rays numerous, about 1 in. long. Fruit 1 in. long, exceeding the pedicels; carpels one 5-winged, the other 3-winged.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 201.
The Snares: Not uncommon, Kirk! December.
My knowledge of this plant is derived from a single imperfect specimen in Mr. Kirk's herbarium, and in default of further information I have reproduced the description given in the "Students' Flora." It is evidently very close to L. intermedium, but according to Kirk can be distinguished by the ligulate petiole, acute segments of the leaves, smaller umbels and shorter fruits, and by the absence of viscid milky juice.
4. L. intermedium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 94.—Stems rather stout, 6–24 in. high, abounding in viscid milky juice. Leaves 6–20 in. long; petiole long, stout, sheathing at the base, with narrow membranous wings; blade coriaceous, oblong to ovate-oblong, 2–3-pinnate; primary divisions 5–8 pairs, 2–4 in. long; leaflets ½–1¼ in. long, rather broad, ovate-triangular, cuneate at the base, sessile or shortly stalked, unequally cut to the middle or below it into broad-linear obtuse or subacute lobes. Umbels few or many, 1½–2 in. diam., compound, polygamous or diœcious; involucral bracts liear-lanceolate. Flowers white. Fruit ¼–⅓ in. long, linear-oblong; carpels with 5 narrow wings, or one with 5 and the other with 4 wings.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 201. Anisotome intermedia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 89.
Var. oblongifolium, Kirk, l.c.—Leaves narrower, linear-oblong, seldom more than 2 in. broad; segments more numerous, crowded, narrow-linear, subacute.
South Island: Sounds of the south-west coast of Otago, from Martin's Bay to Preservation Inlet and Puysegur Point, Lyall, Buchanan! Kirk! G. M. Thomson! South-east coast at Catlin's River and the Nuggets, Petrie! Stewart Island: Not uncommon, Petrie! Kirk! Var. oblongifolium: Inland base of the Ruggedy Range, Kirk! December–January.
5. L. Lyallii, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Usually taller and stouter than L. intermedium. Stem 1½–2½ ft. high, 1–2 in. diam. at the base, purplish, obscurely grooved. Leaves 1–2 ft. long, linear-oblong. 2–3-pinnate; primary divisions 6–10 pairs, 1–4 in. long, linear-oblong; leaflets crowded, 1 in. long, oblong-cuneate, cut to the base into linear obtuse lobes 112 in. broad. Umbels numerous at the top of the stem, compound, many-flowered; involucral bracts linear. Fruit ¼–⅓ in. long, linear-oblong, longer than its pedicel; carpels much as in L. intermedium.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 201. Anisotome Lyallii, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 88.
South Island: Sounds of the south-west coast, Lyall, Hector and Buchanan! G. M. Thomson! December–January.
This only differs from L. intermedium in the slightly larger size and more finely divided leaves, and might well be regarded as a variety.
6. L. Haastii, F. Muell. ex Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Dark-green, very aromatic. Root stout, tapering, as thick as the finger. Stems 1–2 ft. high, rather stout, purplish, grooved. Radical leaves 6–20 in. long; petioles long, grooved, sheathing at the base; blade linear-oblong to ovate-oblong, membranous, 2–4-pinuate; primary divisions 8–12 pairs, the lower smaller and remote; leaflets ½–¾ in. long, deeply cut into numerous crowded linear lobes ¼–½ in. long, 130–125 in. wide, with short or long hair-like points. Cauline leaves or bracts much smaller, with very broad inflated sheathing petioles. Umbels diœcious, usually numerous, 1–2 in. diam., compound, the lower ones on long peduncles, forming a terminal open panicle; involucral leaves linear-subulate, shorter than the rays. Flowers white. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 15–14 in. long; carpels 5-winged.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 201.
South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to Southland, especially within the influence of the western rainfall. 1500 ft. to nearly 5000 ft. December–January.
A handsome and graceful plant, easily recognised by the finely divided membranous leaves with hair-pointed lobes. Mr. Petrie sends a variety from Mount Tyndall with the lobes almost capillary, with much longer hair-points.
7. L. brevistyle, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Stems 6–18 in. high, slender, grooved. Radical leaves 4–12 in. long; petiole somewhat rigid, shortly sheathing at the base; limb linear-oblong in outline, rarely broader and ovate-oblong, 2–3-pinnate; primary divisions 6–10 pairs; leaflets cut down to the rhachis into 3–5 distant very narrow-linear lobes ¼–¾ in. long with short acicular tips. Umbels few, 1–8, loosely panicled, compound, diœcious; involucral bracts filiform, shorter than the rays. Fruit on very short pedicels, oblong, 18–16 in. long; carpels with 5 narrow wings; styles very short.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 202.
South Island: Canterbury—Upper Waitaki and head of Lake Hawea, Haast! Otago—Lake district, Hector and Buchanan! Kurow, Mount Ida, Cromwell, and other localities in eastern and central Otago, Petrie! 800–3500 ft. December–January.
Closely related to L. Haastii, but a much smaller and more slender plant, with more sparingly divided leaves, smaller fruit, and shorter styles.
8. L. dissectum, T. Kirk, Students' Fl. 202.—Rather stout, coriaceous, 5–15 in. high. Rootstock thick, covered with the ragged bases of the old leaves. Radical leaves 3–12 in. long, coriaceous but hardly rigid; petiole half the length or more, with a long and narrow sheath; blade ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 2–3-pinnate; primary pinnae 4–9 pairs, 1–2 in. long; secondary closely placed, ternately or pinnately cut into numerous linear pungent-pointed segments ¼–1 in. long and about 120 wide. Umbels compound, few or many in an open branched panicle; primary rays numerous, 10–20; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit linear-oblong, 18 in. long; carpels 5-winged.
North Island: Mount Holdsworth and other high peaks of the Tararua Runge, Buchanan! T. P. Arnold! W. Townson! December–February.
An imperfectly known species, perhaps more nearly allied to L. piliferum than to any other, but differing widely in the much more divided leaves.
9. L. filifolium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 95.—Slender, grassy, very aromatic. Stems 6–20 in. high, smooth, striate, often much branched above. Leaves 4–15 in. long, thin and often flaccid; petioles very long, slender, sheathing at the base, sheaths short and broad, membranous; blade very variable in size and shape, ternately divided into narrow-linear flat acute segments ½–1½ in. long and varying in width from filiform to ⅓ in., the broadest sometimes toothed or lobed at the tip. Umbels few, compound, diœcious, on long slender peduncles; rays slender, very unequal, ½–2 in. long; involucral bracts few, short, subulate-lanceolate. Fruit ⅓ in. long, linear-oblong, compressed; carpels thin, 5-winged, lateral wings broader than the dorsal.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 203.
South Island: Mountain districts from Cook Strait to the south of Canterbury, not uncommon. 1000–4500 ft. December–January.
10. L. deltoideum, Cheesem. in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xiv. (1882) 299.—Small, stout, dark-green and shining, very aromatic, 2–6 in. high. Rootstock stout, clothed with pale chaffy scales. Leaves numerous, all radical, membranous, 2–4 in. long; petiole half the length, sheathing at the base; blade broadly deltoid in outline, ternately or 2-pinnately divided; leaflets 15–13 in. long, cuneate-deltoid, deeply 3–5-lobed; lobes flat, very narrow linear-subulate, acute or acuminate. Flowering-stems short, seldom exceeding the leaves. Umbels small, ½–1 in. diam., compound; rays 4-8, slender, very unequal; involucral bracts short, linear-subulate. Flowers white or pink. Ripe fruit not seen.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 203.
South Island: Grassy slopes on Mount Arthur, Nelson, altiturie 4000–5500 ft., T.F.C.; Mount Stokes, Marlborough, Macmahon! December–January.
Close to L. filifolium, but distinguished by the smaller size, more numerous leaves with copious divisions, differently shaped leaflets, and short flowering stems, which rarely exceed the leaves.
11. L. carnosulum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96.—Small, 3–6 in. high, thick and fleshy, glaucous-green. Root stout, often as thick as the little finger, tortuous among shingle. Stems usually short, tapering downwards. Leaves 1–3 near the top of the stem or from the root, very thick and fleshy; petiole ½–2 in. long, with a short broad sheath; blade 1–3 in. diam., 2–3-ternately multifid, ultimate segments ¼–⅔ in. long, 115–110 in. broad, very narrow linear, acute or subacute, curved, obscurely jointed on the rhachis. Umbel solitary, compound, large for the size of the plant. 1½–4 in. diam.; involucral bracts about 5, 2–3-ternately divided like the leaves, overtopping the umbel; rays numerous, rigid, almost woody in fruit, ½–1 in. long. Secondary umbels small, concealed among the bracts of the involucels, which far exceed the small white or pink almost sessile flowers. Calyx-teeth acute, prominent. Styles rigid, subulate. Fruit oblong, ¼ in. long; carpels incurved, with 5 low obtuse ridges, commissural face rounded; vittse 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissure.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 203.
12. L. patulum, T. Kirk, Students Fl. 203.—Slender, greyish-green, 6–12 in. high or more. Stems erect or inclined, branched above, grooved. Radical leaves 2–6 in. long, linear-oblong in outline, pinnate or rarely 2-pinnate; leaflets 4–7 pairs, cut down to the rhachis into narrow-linear acute lobes, which are again toothed or incised at the tips, rarely entire. Cauline leaves smaller, with fewer leaflets and narrower lobes. Umbels small, simple in the very imperfect specimens seen, on slender peduncles, 6–12-flowered; involucral bracts linear, with a broad base, usually shorter than the unequal pedicels. Ripe fruit not seen.
South Island: Canterbury—Limestone cliffs near Burke's Pass, J. B. Armstrong! Otago (?) Buchanan!
There is a fragmentary specimen of this species in Mr. Kirk's herbarium, and another (without locality) in Mr. Buchanan's. The material is far too incomplete to form the basis of a satisfactory diagnosis; and that given above will doubtless require amendment when a good series of specimens is obtained.
13. L. piliferum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96.—Stout, erect, glaucous-green, very aromatic. Root thick and tapering. Stem. 8–24 in. high or more, sparingly branched above, smooth, striate, purplish below. Leaves 4–16 in. long, very thick and coriaceous; petioles stout, sheathing, sheath long and narrow; blade linear or linear-oblong, pinnate; leaflets 8–12 pairs, ½–1 in. long, sessile, closely placed and often overlapping, deltoid-ovate or deltoid-orbicular, coarsely toothed or 2–3-lobed or pinnatifid; lobes or segments again toothed, tipped with a stout bristle. Umbels 2–4, on stout peduncles towards the top of the stem, 2–3 in. diam., compound, diœcious; rays ¾–1½ in. long, unequal; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate. Flowers white, rather small. Fruit 16 in. long, ovate-oblong; carpels usually 3-winged.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 204.
Var. a.—Leaflets broad, very coriaceous, usually deeply 3-lobed; the lobes broad, toothed.
Var. b, pinnatifidum, Kirk, l.c.—Leaflets longer and narrower, not so coriaceous, pinnatifidly cut into narrower lobes.
South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to the west of Otago. 2500–4500 ft. December–January.
14. L. aromaticum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 96.—Very aromatic, variable in size and habit, usually from 4–12 in. high, but in alpine situations often much dwarfed, matted and depressed, sometimes barely 2 in. high. Root stout, often long and tapering. Stem simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves all radical, numerous, 1–6 in. long, coriaceous or almost membranous; petiole short, stout, broadly sheathing at the base; blade linear, pinnate; leaflets 6–12 pairs, 15–12 in. long, deltoid-ovate or orbicular or broadly flabellate, more or less toothed or incised, sometimes pinnatifid or even again pinnate; lobes and teeth usually ending in a short or long bristle-like point. Umbels small, diœcious, compound, ½–1½ in. diam.; males usually longer and more open than the females; rays slender, unequal, ½–2 in. long; involucral bracts few, small, linear-subulate. Fruit linear-oblong, 18 in. long; carpels 5-winged.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 204. Anisotome aromatica, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 89.
Var. incisum, Kirk, l.c.—Larger and more membranous, 12–20 in. high. Leaflets flabellate or rhomboid, 3-partite almost to the base; segments deeply incised, spreading.
Var. lanuginosum, Kirk, l.c.—Leaf-segments tipped with copious long snow-white hairs, sometimes almost concealing the leaves.
North and South Islands: Abundant in mountain districts from the East Cape to Foveaux Strait. Altitudinal range 1500–6500 ft. November–February. Var. incisum: Broken River, Canterbury, Kirk! Var. lanuginosum: Mountains above Lake Tekapo, T.F.C.; Hector Mountains, Mount Pisa, Mount Cardrona, and other localities in Central Otago, Petrie!
15. L. imbricatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97.—Small, much branched, densely tufted, forming large flat or convex patches. Stems stout, 1–3 in. long, densely clothed with numerous closely imbricating coriaceous shining leaves. Leaves ¼–¾ in. long; petioles very short, with large broad membranous sheaths produced upwards into a hooded ligule; blade with a broad flattened rhachis and 4–8 pairs of closely placed often imbricating leaflets; leaflets sessile, palmately 3–6-lobed; lobes terminated by a stout bristle longer than the lobes. Umbels small, simple or compound, sunk among the leaves; involucral bracts few, linear-subulate. Fruit broadly ovoid; carpels 5-winged.—Kirk, Students Fl. 205.
South Island: High peaks from Nelson and Marlborough to Southland, not uncommon. 4000–6500 ft. January–February.
A very remarkable little plant, easily known by its small size, densely tufted habit, imbricated leaves, short peduncles sunk among the leaves, and broad fruit.
16. L. Enysii, T. Kirk in Trans. N.Z. Inst. ix (1877) 548.—Small, stout, depressed, glaucous-green, seldom more than 4 in. high. Root stout, often very long. Leaves all radical, 1½–3 in. long, spreading or decurved, thick and coriaceous when fresh, linear or linear-oblong, pinnate; leaflets 3–6 pairs, 15–13 in. long, sessile, ovate or ovate-orbicular, sharply toothed or lobed; lobes again cut, not piliferous; petioles with very broad short sheaths. Flowering-stems 2–4 in. long, simple or forked, decumbent. Umbels compound; rays 2–5, slender, spreading, unequal, ¼–¾ in. long; bracts 2–3, connate almost to the tips into a broad cup-shaped involucre. Partial umbels 3–6-flowered. Fruit ovoid, 18 in. long; carpels with 5 obscure ridges.—Students' Fl. 205.
South Island: Canterbury—Limestone shingle in the Broken River basin, Enys! Kirk! T.F.C. Otago—Naseby, Petrie! 1500–2500 ft. December–January.
17. L. flabellatum, T. Kirk, Students Fl. 205.—Minute, ½–1½ in. high. Leaves all radical, ¼–1 in. long, coriaceous, linear, pinnate; leaflets 1–3 pairs but sometimes reduced to a single one, 15–13 in. diam., flabellate or orbicular-rhomboid, rounded at the tip, sessile, entire or minutely sinuate-crenate; margins recurved; petioles rather stout, with broad sheathing bases. Umbels small, compound, on short peduncles rarely exceeding the leaves; rays 3–4; general involucre apparently wanting; partial involucre of 3 broad connate bracts open on one side. Fruit broadly oblong or ovate; carpels 4- or 5-winged, not seen quite ripe.
Stewart Island: Crevices of syenitic rocks near the South Cape, Kirk!
A very curious little plant, nearest to L. Enysii, but amply distinct. The 3-lobed partial involucre is quite unlike that of any other New Zealand species.
10. ANGELICA, Linn.
Perennial herbs, often tall and stout, usually erect, rarely scrambling or subscandent. Leaves pinnate or 2–3-pinnate. Umbels compound, diœcious or polygamous. Calyx-teeth usually obsolete, rarely prominent. Petals incurved at the apex. Fruit ovate or oblong, more or less dorsally flattened with a broad commissure; carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs very broad, forming a wing on each side of the carpel, the 3 dorsal much smaller and narrower. Vittæ 1 or 2 in each furrow, rarely more. Seed much dorsally compressed, plane or concave on the inner face.
A genus of about 30 species, in the Northern Hemisphere scattered through North America, Europe, and western Asia, in the Southern Hemisphere restricted to the five following species endemic in New Zealand.
| * Herbaceous, erect. Leaves mostly radical. | |
| Tall, stout, 1–2 ft. Leaves pinnate; leaflets many, 1–2 in., crenate | 1. A. Gingidium. |
| Slender, 3–6 in. Leaves pinnate; leaflets many, pinnatifid | 2. A. decipiens. |
| Slender, 3–9 in. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate; leaflets 1–2 pairs, rhombeo-orbicular, crenate | 3. A. trifoliolatum. |
| ** Suffruticose, subscandent. Leaves cauline. | |
| Leaves 1-foliolate or 3-foliolate; leaflets small, ¼–½ in. | 4. A. geniculata. |
| Leaves pinnate; leaflets 2–5 pairs, large, 1–2½ in. | 5. A. rosæfolia. |
1. A. Gingidium, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97.—A stout, erect, highly aromatic herb, 1–2 ft. high. Root thick and fleshy. Stems ¼–½ in. diam. at the base, smooth and striate, sparingly branched above. Radical leaves 6–15 in. long, rather fleshy, glaucous, pinnate; leaflets 5–10 pairs, close together or the lower rather distant, 1–2 in. long, sessile, obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, finely crenate or serrate, rarely lobed, veins finely reticulate; petioles stout, often longer than the blade, sheath narrow. Umbels few, compound, 1–3 in. diam.; rays 10–20, slender, spreading; involucre wanting; partial umbels usually with an involucel of a few linear bracts. Flowers white. Fruit 15 in. long, ovate-cordate; carpels much compressed, with a broad lateral wing on each side, which is produced downwards at the base; dorsal ribs small; vittæ 1 in each furrow and 2 on the commissural face.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 212. Anisotome Gingidium, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 89. Ligusticum Gingidium, Forst. Prodr. n. 140. Gingidium montanum, Forst, Char. Gen. 21.
North and South Islands: From Taupo southwards to Otago; once very abundant, but as it is everywhere greedily eaten by stock it has become scarce ia many districts. Sea-level to 4000 ft. Aniseed. November–January.
2. A. decipiens, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98.—Very aromatic, 3–8 in. high. Root stout, thick and woody. Leaves numerous, spreading, usually all radical, 3–6 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 6–10 pairs, ¼–½ in. long, sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, membranous or flaccid, irregularly deeply toothed or pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, not bristle-pointed; petioles shorter than the blade, sheath broad. Flowering-stems several, usually unbranched, equalling or longer than the leaves. Umbels compound, ½–1½ in. diam.; rays 4–8, unequal, ⅓–1 in. long; involucral bracts few, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. Fruit 16 in. long, oblong, rounded or slightly cordate at the base; carpels 5-winged, the 2 lateral wings much wider than the 3 dorsal. Vittæ 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural side.—Aciphylla decipiens, Hook. f. and Benth. Gen. Plant. i. 916. Ligusticum decipiens, Kirk, Students' Fl. 205.
South Island: Not uncommon in mountain districts from Nelson to Otago. 2000–6000 ft. December–January.
Closely resembling Ligusticum aromaticum in foliage, but the inflorescence and fruit are altogether different. Mr. Kirk refers it to Ligtisticum; but all the fruiting specimens I have seen have the lateral wings of the carpels much wider than the dorsal.
3. A. trifoliolata, Cockayne in Trans. N.Z. Inst. xxxi. (1899) 425.—Slender, perfectly glabrous, 3–9 in. high; stems creeping and rooting at the base; branches few, spreading. Leaves on rather long slender petioles, 3-foliolate or pinnate; leaflets few, in 1 or 2 distant pairs, simple or again ternately divided; petiolule slender, ½–1½ in. long; blade ½ in., rhombeo-orbicular or flabellate, cuneate at the base, crenate-dentate at the rounded tip, rather membranous, glaucous below; veins reticulated. Umbels small, compound; primary rays few, secondary 3–5; involucral bracts minute, linear. Flowers small, white; styles rather long, slender, spreading. Fruit ¼ in. long, narrow ovate-cordate; carpels compressed, with a broad lateral wing on each side, dorsal ribs narrower but conspicuous. Vittæ 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural face.—Ligusticum trifoliolatum, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 97; Kirk, Students Fl. 206.
South Island: Canterbury—Swampy ground near the Kowai River, Haast, Cockayne!
Apparently a very rare and local plant, quite unlike any other species. I have only seen one rather indifferent specimen.
4. A. geniculata, Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98.—Stems 2–5 ft. long, much branched, scrambling over rocks and shrubs; branches slender, terete, flexuose; internodes 1–3 in. long. Leaves small, alternate, 1-foliolate, of young plants 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petiole slender, ¼–½ in. long; sheaths broad, produced into 2 blunt lobes at the top; leaflets ¼–½ in. diam., orbicular-ovate or rhomboid or transversely oblong, often cuneate at the base, rounded at the tip, obscurely crenate-dentate, rather thin and membranous, finely reticulate. Umbels small, terminal and lateral, on short peduncles; rays 2–5, very slender, about ⅓ in. long; involucral bracts few, short, linear-subulate. Flowers small, white; petals inflexed at the tips. Fruit 15 in. long, oblong-ovoid, cordate at the base; carpels much compressed, the lateral wings very broad, pale and membranous. Vittæ 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissure.—Kirk, Students' Fl. 213. Anisotome geniculata, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 90, t. 19. Peucedanum geniculatum, Forst. Prodr. n. 136; A. Rich. Fl. Nouv. Zel. 272; A. Cunn. Precur. n. 507. Bowlesia geniculata, Spreng. Umbellif. 14, t. 5.
North Island: Rare and local. East Cape and interior, Colenso; Port Nicholson, Buchanan! Paikakariki, H. B. Kirk. South Island: Akaroa, Raoul, Kirk! gorge of the Waimakariri, Cockayne; east coast of Canterbury and Otago, Armstrong, Buchanan! Petrie! G. M. Thomson! January–February.
5. A. rosaefolia, Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 581.—Stems 2–5 ft. long, much branched, scrambling over rocks or among bushes, hard and almost woody below, clothed with the persistent sheaths of the old leaves. Leaves cauline, alternate, 2–5 in. long, pinnate; leaflets 2–5 pairs, 1–2½ in. long, opposite, sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, often oblique at the base, acute, finely serrate, submembranous or coriaceous, veins reticulated; petiole slender, rigid; sheaths broad, membranous, 2-lobed at the top. Umbels many, terminal and axillary, compound, 1–3 in. diam.; rays numerous, slender; involucral bracts linear or lanceolate. Flowers white. Fruit 18 in. long, ovate-cordate; carpels with broad lateral wings. Vittæ 1 under each furrow and 2 on the commissural face.—Hook. f. Handb. N.Z. Fl. 98; Kirk, Students' Fl. 212. Anisotome rosæfolia, Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 90.
North Island: Not uncommon on rocky shores from the Three Kings Islands to the East Cape and Raglan; rare inland, and much less abundant further south. Hawke's Bay, A. Hamilton! Petrie! Ruahine Range, Harding! Upper Rangitikei, Buchanan! South Island: Akaroa, Raoul.' Sea-level to 2000 ft. Koherika; Kohepiro. October–November.
This and the preceding species are anomalous in the order from their subscandent stems. The leaflets are furnished with a pair of minute stipellæ at the base—one on the upper surface, the other below.
11. DAUCUS, Linn.
Annual or biennial herbs, usually hispid. Leaves decompound, ultimate segments narrow. Umbels compound; rays numerous; bracts of the general involucre usually pinnatisect. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals often unequal, inflexed at the tips. Fruit ovoid or oblong, terete or slightly dorsally compressed; carpels convex, with 5 slender bristly primary ribs, and 4 winged secondary ones bearing rows of hooked bristles. Vittæ 1 under each secondary rib and 2 on the commissural face. Seed flattened dorsally.
Species about 35, chiefly found in the temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere, and most abundant in the Mediterranean region. The single New Zealand species is also common in Australia and Tasmania.
1. D. brachiatus, Sieb. in D.C. Prodr. iv. 214.—An erect annual or biennial branching herb, very variable in size, 6–18 in. high, more or less bristly with short stiff hairs, rarely almost glabrous. Leaves flaccid, on long slender petioles, 2–3-pinnate; primary leaflets 4–6 pairs; secondary deeply incised or pinnatifid; segments small, linear-oblong, minutely mucronulate. Umbels axillary or terminal, compound; primary rays 4–10, very unequal in size; involucral bracts entire or pinnately divided. Flowers small. Fruit ovoid, about 18 in. long; carpels with the secondary ridges much the largest, and bearing a single row of purplish hooked bristles; primary with a double row of finer bristles pointing right and left.—Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i. 91; Handb. N.Z. Fl. 99; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii. 376; Kirk, Students' Fl. 214. Scandix glochidiata, Labill. Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 75, t. 102.
North and South Islands, Chatham Islands: Abundant in lowland districts throughout. October–December.
The allied D. carota, L., the origin of the cultivated carrot, has become naturalised in several localities in both islands. It can be distinguished from D. brachiatus by its greater size, broader leaf-segments, and much larger compact flat-topped umbels.