GUEVARA, Antonio de, Bishop of Guadix in Granada, and subsequently of Mondoñedo in Galicia, a Spanish theologian, historian, and moralist, born about 1490; died in 1545 or 1548. His early years were passed at the court of Isabella; he was afterwards historiographer and court-preacher to Charles V. His first work of note was the "Dial for Princes" 1529, professing to be a life of Marcus Aurelius, but in reality a romance. This work has been translated into English, French, Italian, and Latin. His "Lives of the Ten Cæsars," 1539, purports to be a historical work; but occasionally we find fictitious incidents and descriptions. His "Golden Letters or Familiar Epistles" have also been translated into English.—F. M. W.
GUEVARA, Luis Velez de las Duenas y, a Spanish dramatist and novelist, born in 1570; died in 1644. He attained some distinction as an advocate, and a sally of wit which saved the life of a prisoner whom he was defending, introduced him to Philip IV. This monarch, an amateur dramatist, employed him to correct his compositions, and he seems throughout life to have enjoyed court favour. He is said to have written four hundred plays, of which scarcely a tithe are now extant. Guevara, however, is best known by his work "El Diablo Cojuelo" (The Limping Devil), a novel of the other life, which is the basis of Lesage's Diable Boiteux, Guevara married young, and left a son, Juan, also an author, whose works are sometimes confounded with his father's.—F. M. W.
GUGLIELMI, Pietro, a musician, was born at Massa Carrara in 1727 or 1728, and died at Rome, November 19, 1804. His father Giacomo, maestro di capella to the duke of Modena, was his instructor until he was eighteen, when he was placed in the conservatorio of S. Onofrio in Naples as the pupil of Durante. This famous master thought ill of Guglielmi's natural ability, but tasked him with strict contrapuntal exercises, to which he applied himself with such assiduity that he quickly surpassed his fellow-students. He quitted the conservatorio at the age of twenty-seven, and made his first dramatic essay at Turin in 1755, the success of which procured him engagements to write operas for most of the chief towns of Italy. One account states him to have held the office of kapellmeister to the elector at Dresden subsequently to 1762, and to have proceeded thence to Brunswick; another authority speaks of his having visited Vienna and Madrid. At the close of 1767 he came to London, where, in the January following, the reproduction of his "Ifigenia" (which had been performed abroad three years earlier) introduced him to the English public. He remained here until 1772, and brought out several new operas; but his London success was inconsiderable. He composed an opera for Turin in 1773, and returned to Naples in 1774, where he found great difficulty in obtaining a hearing for his works through the immense popularity and even the machinations of Cimarosa and Paesiello, who at the time divided public favour between them. The latter especially raised every possible obstacle to his progress, until the prince of San Severo reconciled the rivals; and when fair field was given Guglielmi, his immense fecundity enabled him to keep pace with both his competitors, by opposing a new opera to every one that each of them produced. In 1793 he went to Rome, where in that year he was installed maestro di capella of St. Peter's, in the active fulfilment of which office he remained till his death. Beginning composition late in life as he did, he still produced an enormous number of works. Fetis names seventy-eight operas and oratorios (or operas on sacred subjects), and there were many not included in his list; besides which Guglielmi wrote a large amount of church music and many instrumental works. He was married, and had many children; but he deserted his wife and neglected his family, who, on their mother's death, became dependent on the benevolence of strangers; and he lavished his very large income upon his mistresses, living most licentiously till his very last years.—Pietro Carlo, his eldest son, was also a composer, and his name is sometimes confounded with that of his father, their operas being written in the same style. He was born at Naples about 1763, was appointed maestro di capella to the archduchess of Massa Carrara, spent some years in London at the commencement of the present century, and died 28th February, 1817.—Giacomo, the eighth and youngest son of Pietro, was born at Massa Carrara in 1782, and obtained some distinction as a tenor singer.—G. A. M.
GUGLIELMINI, Domenico, one of the founders of modern hydraulic engineering, was born at Bologna on the 27th of September, 1655, and died at Padua on the 12th of July, 1710. His family is stated by Morgagni to have originally belonged to Novara, whence they emigrated to Gravina, and thence, about the middle of the sixteenth century, to Bologna. He studied mathematics under Montagnari and medicine under Malpighi, and in 1677 obtained the degree of doctor of medicine. He appears to have devoted much attention, from an early period, to the science of hydraulics, in which his skill became so well known that in 1686 he was appointed to the office of intendant of waterworks, or chief hydraulic engineer of the pontifical states; and from that time to the end of his life he was consulted and employed on works of hydraulic engineering throughout the whole of the north of Italy. Guglielmini appears to have been the first to study specially the laws of the flow of water in open channels. His theory of that subject contains a fallacy, viz., that each particle of a stream of water tends to move with the same celerity as if it had fallen in free space from the surface of the stream; but he was aware that the results of that hypothesis were inconsistent with observed facts, and by the aid of experiment he to a certain extent corrected the errors arising from it. His principal writings on hydraulics are "La Misura dell' acque correnti," otherwise entitled "Aquarum fluentium Mensura novo methodo inquisita," Bologna, 1690-91; "Epistolæ duo hydrostaticæ," two letters in answer to the objections of Papin against some parts of the before-mentioned work—addressed respectively to Leibnitz and Magliabecchi, Bologna, 1692; and "Delia Natura de' Fiumi, trattato fisicomatematico," Bologna, 1697. In 1690 he added to his other functions that of a mathematical professor in the university of Bologna; and in 1694 he was appointed to a new chair created expressly for him, and called that of "hydrometry." In 1698, though still retaining his Bolognese appointments, he accepted, upon urgent solicitation, the professorship of mathematics in the university of Padua, which in 1702 he exchanged for that of theoretical medicine in the same university, having never ceased to cultivate that branch of his studies. His collected works, preceded by his life by Morgagni, were published in 2 vols. 4to at Geneva in 1719.—W. J. M. R.
GUHRAUER, Gottschalk Eduard, a German litterateur, was born at Bojanowo, near Bromberg, in 1809, and died at Breslau, 5th January, 1854. He studied at Breslau and Berlin; went to Paris, where he resided for two years; and in 1845 was appointed professor extraordinary at Breslau. He wrote an excellent "Life of Leibnitz," 2 vols., whose German writings he had edited some years before; a "History of the Electorate of Mayence in 1672," 2 vols.; completed Danzel's Life of Lessing; and published a number of historical and literary essays, distinguished by original research and sound judgment.—K. E.
GUI DE CREMA. See Paschal III.
GUI DE LUSIGNAN. See Lusignan.
GUIBELINES. See Guelphs and Ghibelines.
GUIBERT, Archbishop of Ravenna, was set up as antipope in 1080 by the Emperor Henry IV., acting through a synod of pliant Lombard and German bishops assembled at Brixen, in revenge for the sentence of excommunication and deposition recently pronounced upon him by Gregory VII. Following in the train of his master, Guibert entered Rome in 1084, and aided Henry in the severities which he proceeded to exercise against the adherents of Gregory. Though recognized in no part of Europe, he maintained his hold upon Rome all through the pontificate of Victor III., and was only ejected by the French, on their way to the first crusade, in the time of Urban II. He retired to Ravenna, and died there in the year 1100.—T. A.
GUIBERT, Abbot of Nogent sous Coucy, sprung from a rich and honourable family in the diocese of Beauvais, was born at Clermont in 1053. He took the religious habit in the monastery of St. Germer, and was elected abbot of Nogent in 1104. After a saintly life he died in 1124. His works, published by D'Achery in 1651, include a history of the first crusade, entitled "Gesta Dei per Francos;" a treatise on the relics of the saints; three books of his Life, said to be a very curious and instructive autobiography; and a treatise on the "Incarnation," directed against the Jews.—T. A.
GUIBERT, Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, a distinguished French officer, was born at Montauban in 1743. His father held a commission in the army with which Louis XV. aided the coalition against Prussia in the Seven Years' war, and in that war Jacques Antoine commenced his military career, before he had emerged from boyhood. He afterwards won the rank of
