This brief analysis is sufficient to show the high value of Hermann’s work as a contribution to pure economics. On practical questions, those of economic legislation, his opinions are only to be gathered with difficulty from the papers in the Gelehrte Anzeigen, and generally were expressed with such reference to special circumstances as to render doubtful their full import. It seems probable, however, that his views on protection were far from clear, and that he was somewhat under the sway of the dangerous principle that the best financial policy is encouragement of national industry. It is difficult, however, to speak definitely on this subject.
See Kautz, Gesch. Entwicklung d. National-Oekonomik, pp. 633–38; Roscher, Gesch. d. Nat. Oekon. in Deutschland, pp. 860–79.
HERMANN, Johann Gottfried Jakob (1772–1848), classical editor and philologist, was born at Leipsic on November 28, 1772. Entering the university of his native city at the precocious age of fourteen, Hermann at first studied law, but his inclination to classical learning was too strong to be resisted, and accordingly, after a session spent at Jena in 1793–94, he became a lecturer on classical literature in Leipsic. In 1798 he was appointed professor extraordinarius of philosophy at the university there, and after refusing an invitation to proceed to Kiel as rector of a school, he was in 1803 chosen professor of eloquence. In 1809 he received the chair of poetry in addition. He died, senior of the university, on December 31, 1848.
Hermann devoted his early attention to the classical poetical metres, and published on that subject De metris Græcorum et Romanorum poetarum, in 1796; Handbuch der Metrik, in 1798; Elementa doctrinæ metricæ, in 1816, of which an Epitome appeared in 1818; and De Metris Pindari in 1817, attached to Heyne’s edition of that author. Of his influential and valuable writings on Greek grammar the chief are De emendenda ratione Græcæ grammaticæ, 1801; Notes and Excursus to Viger’s “De præcipuis Græcæ dictionis idiotismis,” 1802; and De particula ἄν libri IV., 1831. His Lexicon of Photius appeared in 1808. His editions of the classics comprise several of the plays of Euripides (see vol. viii. p. 680); the Clouds of Aristophanes, 1799; Trinummus of Plautus, 1800; Poetics of Aristotle, 1802; Hymns of Orpheus, 1805; and the Homeric Hymns, 1816. In 1825 Hermann finished the edition of Sophocles begun by Erfurdt. His editions of Bion and Moschus were published posthumously in 1849, and of all the plays of Æschylus in 1852. The Opuscula, a collection of Hermann’s smaller writings in Latin, appeared in seven volumes between 1827 and 1877.
HERMANN, Karl Friedrich (1804–1856), one of the leading representatives of classical investigation in Germany, was born August 4, 1804, at Frankfort-on-the-Main. His early education was received partly at Frankfort and partly at Weilburg, and his university studies were carried on at Heidelberg and Leipsic. On his return from a tour in Italy he habilitated in 1826 as privat-docent in Heidelberg; in 1832 he was called to Marburg as professor ordinarius of classical literature; and in 1842 he was transferred to Göttingen to fill the chair left vacant by the death of Otfried Müller. Both at Marburg and Göttingen he likewise held the office of director of the philological seminary. He died at Göttingen on the 8th of January 1856. Hermann’s scholarship took in a wide and ever-widening horizon; but his vision was clear and steady, and he knew well how to portray for other eyes the scenes that shaped themselves with new life before his own. Among his more important publications are the Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitäten, of which the first portion (Heidelberg, 1841) deals with political, the second (1846) with religious, and the third (1852) with domestic antiquities; the Geschichte und System der Platonischen Philosophie (Heidelberg, 1839); an edition of the Platonic Dialogues (6 vols., Leipsic, 1851–52); and Culturgeschichte der Griechen und Römer (Göttingen, 1857–58, 2 vols.), published after his death by G. Schmidt. A collection of Abhandlungen und Beiträge zur class. Literatur und Alterthumskunde appeared in 1849, but the great mass of his essays and brochures, which deal with a vast variety of archæological, artistic, critical, and philosophical subjects, are still unarranged. See Lechner, Zur Erinnerung an K. F. Hermann (Berlin, 1864).
HERMANNSTADT (Hungarian Nagy-Szelen, Latin Cibinium), chief town of an Hungarian county of the eame name, is advantageously situated on the Szeben, an affluent of the Aluta, about 72 miles S.E. of Kolozsvar (Klausen- burg), and is the terminus of the Kapus and Nagy-Szeben branch line of railway, in 45 48 N. lat. and 24 9 E. long. It is the see of a Greek Orthodox bishop, the meeting place of the Lutheran consistory for the Transylvanian circle, and the headquarters both of the honve d (or "defence-militia") and of the regular infantry and artillery of the district ; and it also possesses royal courts of law and assizes, and offices ef finance, assay, state survey, and engineering. Hermannstadt has a somewhat mediaeval appearance, the streets being often narrow, and the houses built in the old German style. Of the squares the most striking is the large quadrangular market-place. The public buildings comprise Roman and Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Calvinist, and Lutheran churches, a royal law academy, both Roman Catholic and Lutheran gymnasia, a Greek Orthodox seminary for priests, a hospital for the insane, foundling and orphan homes, Franciscan and Ursulan retreats, a house of correction, civil and military hospitals, county and town halls, the infantry and large new artillery barracks, the town theatre, the "Transylvania" assurance office, the " Albina " bank, and, above all, the Bruckenthal palace with its fine museum and library. Among the industrial establishments are factories for the preparation of soap, candles, soda, sulphuric acid, bone-dust, paper, cloth, linen, leather, caps, boots, combs, and building materials. There are also printing houses, tanneries, and rope-walks, several distilleries, and a large brewery. A brisk trade is carried on both at the regular weekly markets and at the special fairs. The civil population in 1870 was 18,998, of whom about two-thirds were of German (Saxon) and the remainder of Roumanian and Magyar extraction.
The German name of the town is traceable to Hermann, a citizen of Nuremberg, who about the middle of the 12th century established a colony on the spot. In the 13th century it bore the name of Villa Hermanni. Under the last monarchs of the native Magyar dynasty Hermannstadt enjoyed exceptional privileges, and soon became a thriving centre of trade, its commerce with the East rising to considerable importance. In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries it was several times besieged by the Turks. In 1610 it suffered at the hands of the Transylvanian prince Gabriel Bathori. At the beginning of 1849 it was the scene of several engagements between the Austrians and Hungarians ; and later ill the year it was several times taken and retaken, by the Russians and Hungarians, the latter being eventually forced to yield to overwhelming numbers, August 6.
HERMAS. See Apostolic Fathers, vol. ii. p. 197.
