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Title
The Complete Lojban Language
Author
John Woldemar Cowan
Year
2016
Source
pdf
Progress
To be proofread
Transclusion
Index not transcluded or unreviewed
OCLC
974511563
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(key to
Page Status
)
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Table of Contents
1.
Lojban As We Mangle It In Lojbanistan: About This Book
9
1.1.
What is Lojban?
9
1.2.
What is this book?
10
1.3.
What are the typographical conventions of this book?
10
1.4.
Disclaimers
11
1.5.
Acknowledgements and Credits
11
1.6.
Informal Bibliography
12
1.7.
Captions to Pictures
12
1.8.
Boring Legalities
13
2.
A Quick Tour of Lojban Grammar, With Diagrams
15
2.1.
The concept of the bridi
15
2.2.
Pronunciation
16
2.3.
Words that can act as sumti
17
2.4.
Some words used to indicate selbri relations
17
2.5.
Some simple Lojban bridi
18
2.6.
Variant bridi structure
19
2.7.
Varying the order of sumti
20
2.8.
The basic structure of longer utterances
21
2.9.
tanru
21
2.10.
Description sumti
23
2.11.
Examples of brivla
24
2.12.
The sumti
di'u
and
la'e di'u
24
2.13.
Possession
25
2.14.
Vocatives and commands
25
2.15.
Questions
26
2.16.
Indicators
28
2.17.
Tenses
29
2.18.
Lojban grammatical terms
30
3.
The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban
33
3.1.
Orthography
33
3.2.
Basic Phonetics
34
3.3.
The Special Lojban Characters
35
3.4.
Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants
36
3.5.
Vowel Pairs
38
3.6.
Consonant Clusters
38
3.7.
Initial Consonant Pairs
39
3.8.
Buffering Of Consonant Clusters
40
3.9.
Syllabication And Stress
42
3.10.
IPA For English Speakers
44
3.11.
English Analogues For Lojban Diphthongs
46
3.12.
Oddball Orthographies
47
4.
The Shape Of Words To Come: Lojban Morphology
49
4.1.
Introductory
49
4.2.
cmavo
50
4.3.
brivla
52
4.4.
gismu
53
4.5.
lujvo
54
4.6.
rafsi
56
4.7.
fu'ivla
60
4.8.
cmene
63
4.9.
Rules for inserting pauses
66
4.10.
Considerations for making lujvo
67
4.11.
The lujvo-making algorithm
68
4.12.
The lujvo scoring algorithm
69
4.13.
lujvo-making examples
70
4.14.
The gismu creation algorithm
71
4.15.
Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu
73
4.16.
rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal
76
5. “Pretty Little Girls' School”: The Structure Of Lojban selbri
79
5.1. Lojban content words: brivla
79
5.2. Simple tanru
80
5.3. Three-part tanru grouping with
bo
82
5.4. Complex tanru grouping
83
5.5. Complex tanru with
ke
and
ke'e
84
5.6. Logical connection within tanru
85
5.7. Linked sumti:
be-bei-be'o
88
5.8. Inversion of tanru:
co
91
5.9. Other kinds of simple selbri
94
5.10. selbri based on sumti:
me
95
5.11. Conversion of simple selbri
97
5.12. Scalar negation of selbri
98
5.13. Tenses and bridi negation
100
5.14. Some types of asymmetrical tanru
101
5.15. Some types of symmetrical tanru
108
5.16. “Pretty little girls' school”: forty ways to say it
109
6. To Speak Of Many Things: The Lojban sumti
115
6.1. The five kinds of simple sumti
115
6.2. The three basic description types
116
6.3. Individuals and masses
119
6.4. Masses and sets
121
6.5. Descriptors for typical objects
122
6.6. Quantified sumti
123
6.7. Quantified descriptions
124
6.8. Indefinite descriptions
127
6.9. sumti-based descriptions
127
6.10. sumti qualifiers
128
6.11. The syntax of vocative phrases
130
6.12. Lojban names
132
6.13. Pro-sumti summary
134
6.14. Quotation summary
136
6.15. Number summary
136
7. Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi
139
7.1. What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?
139
7.2. Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series
140
7.3. Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series
141
7.4. Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series
142
7.5. Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the broda-series
144
7.6. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series
146
7.7. Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'e-series
150
7.8. Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series
152
7.9. sumti and bridi questions:
ma
and
mo
153
7.10. Relativized pro-sumti:
ke'a
154
7.11. Abstraction focus pro-sumti:
ce'u
154
7.12. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the da-series and the bu'a-series
155
7.13. Pro-sumti and pro-bridi cancelling
155
7.14. The identity predicate: du
156
7.15. lujvo based on pro-sumti
156
7.16. KOhA cmavo by series
157
7.17. GOhA and other pro-bridi by series
158
7.18. Other cmavo discussed in this chapter
159
8. Relative Clauses, Which Make sumti Even More Complicated
161
8.1. What are you pointing at?
161
8.2. Incidental relative clauses
163
8.3. Relative phrases
165
8.4. Multiple relative clauses:
zi'e
168
8.5. Non-veridical relative clauses:
voi
169
8.6. Relative clauses and descriptors
170
8.7. Possessive sumti
172
8.8. Relative clauses and complex sumti:
vu'o
173
8.9. Relative clauses in vocative phrases
175
8.10. Relative clauses within relative clauses
176
8.11. Index of relative clause cmavo
177
9. To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals
179
9.1. Introductory
179
9.2. Standard bridi form:
cu
180
9.3. Tagging places: FA
182
9.4. Conversion: SE
185
9.5. Modal places: FIhO, FEhU
187
9.6. Modal tags: BAI
188
9.7. Modal sentence connection: the causals
189
9.8. Other modal connections
192
9.9. Modal selbri
194
9.10. Modal relative phrases; Comparison
195
9.11. Mixed modal connection
198
9.12. Modal conversion: JAI
199
9.13. Modal negation
200
9.14. Sticky modals
201
9.15. Logical and non-logical connection of modals
201
9.16. CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms
202
9.17. Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents
203
10. Imaginary Journeys: The Lojban Space/Time Tense System
207
10.1. Introductory
207
10.2. Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA
209
10.3. Compound spatial tenses
210
10.4. Temporal tenses: PU and ZI
211
10.5. Interval sizes: VEhA and ZEhA
213
10.6. Vague intervals and non-specific tenses
215
10.7. Dimensionality: VIhA
215
10.8. Movement in space: MOhI
216
10.9. Interval properties: TAhE and
roi
217
10.10. Event contours: ZAhO and
re'u
219
10.11. Space interval modifiers: FEhE
222
10.12. Tenses as sumti tcita
223
10.13. Sticky and multiple tenses: KI
225
10.14. Story time
227
10.15. Tenses in subordinate bridi
229
10.16. Tense relations between sentences
230
10.17. Tensed logical connectives
232
10.18. Tense negation
234
10.19. Actuality, potentiality, capability: CAhA
235
10.20. Logical and non-logical connections between tenses
237
10.21. Sub-events
238
10.22. Conversion of sumti tcita: JAI
239
10.23. Tenses versus modals
240
10.24. Tense questions:
cu'e
242
10.25. Explicit magnitudes
243
10.26. Finally (an exercise for the much-tried reader)
244
10.27. Summary of tense selma'o
244
10.28. List of spatial directions and direction-like relations
245
11. Events, Qualities, Quantities, And Other Vague Words: On Lojban Abstraction
247
11.1. The syntax of abstraction
247
11.2. Event abstraction
248
11.3. Types of event abstractions
250
11.4. Property abstractions
251
11.5. Amount abstractions
253
11.6. Truth-value abstraction:
jei
254
11.7. Predication/sentence abstraction
255
11.8. Indirect questions
256
11.9. Minor abstraction types
258
11.10. Lojban sumti raising
259
11.11. Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses
260
11.12. Abstractor connection
261
11.13. Table of abstractors
262
12. Dog House And White House: Determining lujvo Place Structures
263
12.1. Why have lujvo?
263
12.2. The meaning of tanru: a necessary detour
264
12.3. The meaning of lujvo
266
12.4. Selecting places
267
12.5. Symmetrical and asymmetrical lujvo
267
12.6. Dependent places
269
12.7. Ordering lujvo places.
271
12.8. lujvo with more than two parts.
272
12.9. Eliding SE rafsi from seltau
273
12.10. Eliding SE rafsi from tertau
274
12.11. Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo
274
12.12. Abstract lujvo
275
12.13. Implicit-abstraction lujvo
277
12.14. Anomalous lujvo
279
12.15. Comparatives and superlatives
280
12.16. Notes on gismu place structures
283
13. Oooh! Arrgh! Ugh! Yecch! Attitudinal and Emotional Indicators
285
13.1. What are attitudinal indicators?
285
13.2. Pure emotion indicators
287
13.3. Propositional attitude indicators
289
13.4. Attitudes as scales
292
13.5. The space of emotions
294
13.6. Emotional categories
294
13.7. Attitudinal modifiers
295
13.8. Compound indicators
298
13.9. The uses of indicators
299
13.10. Attitude questions; empathy; attitude contours
300
13.11. Evidentials
302
13.12. Discursives
304
13.13. Miscellaneous indicators
307
13.14. Vocative scales
309
13.15. A sample dialogue
312
13.16. Tentative conclusion
314
14. If Wishes Were Horses: The Lojban Connective System
317
14.1. Logical connection and truth tables
317
14.2. The Four basic vowels
319
14.3. The six types of logical connectives
319
14.4. Logical connection of bridi
320
14.5. Forethought bridi connection
322
14.6. sumti connection
324
14.7. More than two propositions
325
14.8. Grouping of afterthought connectives
326
14.9. Compound bridi
328
14.10. Multiple compound bridi
330
14.11. Termset logical connection
332
14.12. Logical connection within tanru
333
14.13. Truth questions and connective questions
335
14.14. Non-logical connectives
338
14.15. More about non-logical connectives
341
14.16. Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection
343
14.17. Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso
346
14.18. Tenses, modals, and logical connection
347
14.19. Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions
350
14.20. Constructs and appropriate connectives
351
14.21. Truth functions and corresponding logical connectives
351
14.22. Rules for making logical and non-logical connectives
352
14.23. Locations of other tables
352
15. “No” Problems: On Lojban Negation
353
15.1. Introductory
353
15.2. bridi negation
354
15.3. Scalar Negation
357
15.4. selbri and tanru negation
360
15.5. Expressing scales in selbri negation
363
15.6. sumti negation
365
15.7. Negation of minor grammatical constructs
366
15.8. Truth questions
367
15.9. Affirmations
369
15.10. Metalinguistic negation forms
370
15.11. Summary – Are All Possible Questions About Negation Now Answered?
373
16. “Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody”: Lojban And Logic
375
16.1. What's wrong with this picture?
375
16.2. Existential claims, prenexes, and variables
376
16.3. Universal claims
378
16.4. Restricted claims:
da poi
379
16.5. Dropping the prenex
380
16.6. Variables with generalized quantifiers
381
16.7. Grouping of quantifiers
382
16.8. The problem of “any”
384
16.9. Negation boundaries
385
16.10. bridi negation and logical connectives
388
16.11. Using
naku
outside a prenex
389
16.12. Logical Connectives and DeMorgan's Law
392
16.13. selbri variables
394
16.14. A few notes on variables
395
16.15. Conclusion
395
17. As Easy As A-B-C? The Lojban Letteral System And Its Uses
397
17.1. What's a letteral, anyway?
397
17.2. A to Z in Lojban, plus one
398
17.3. Upper and lower cases
399
17.4. The universal
bu
400
17.5. Alien alphabets
400
17.6. Accent marks and compound lerfu words
402
17.7. Punctuation marks
403
17.8. What about Chinese characters?
403
17.9. lerfu words as pro-sumti
404
17.10. References to lerfu
405
17.11. Mathematical uses of lerfu strings
406
17.12. Acronyms
407
17.13. Computerized character codes
408
17.14. List of all auxiliary lerfu-word cmavo
409
17.15. Proposed lerfu words – introduction
409
17.16. Proposed lerfu words for the Greek alphabet
409
17.17. Proposed lerfu words for the Cyrillic alphabet
410
17.18. Proposed lerfu words for the Hebrew alphabet
410
17.19. Proposed lerfu words for some accent marks and multiple letters
411
17.20. Proposed lerfu words for radio communication
412
18. lojbau mekso: Mathematical Expressions in Lojban
413
18.1. Introductory
413
18.2. Lojban numbers
414
18.3. Signs and numerical punctuation
414
18.4. Special numbers
416
18.5. Simple infix expressions and equations
417
18.6. Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)
419
18.7. Other useful selbri for mekso bridi
421
18.8. Indefinite numbers
422
18.9. Approximation and inexact numbers
424
18.10. Non-decimal and compound bases
426
18.11. Special mekso selbri
428
18.12. Number questions
431
18.13. Subscripts
431
18.14. Infix operators revisited
432
18.15. Vectors and matrices
433
18.16. Reverse Polish notation
434
18.17. Logical and non-logical connectives within mekso
435
18.18. Using Lojban resources within mekso
437
18.19. Other uses of mekso
438
18.20. Explicit operator precedence
440
18.21. Miscellany
440
18.22. Four score and seven: a mekso problem
441
18.23. mekso selma'o summary
442
18.24. Complete table of VUhU cmavo, with operand structures
443
18.25. Complete table of PA cmavo: digits, punctuation, and other numbers
443
18.26. Table of MOI cmavo, with associated rafsi and place structures
444
19. Putting It All Together: Notes on the Structure of Lojban Texts
447
19.1. Introductory
447
19.2. Sentences: I
447
19.3. Paragraphs: NIhO
448
19.4. Topic-comment sentences: ZOhU
449
19.5. Questions and answers
451
19.6. Subscripts: XI
453
19.7. Utterance ordinals: MAI
455
19.8. Attitude scope markers: FUhE/FUhO
456
19.9. Quotations: LU, LIhU, LOhU, LEhU
457
19.10. More on quotations: ZO, ZOI
458
19.11. Contrastive emphasis: BAhE
460
19.12. Parenthesis and metalinguistic commentary: TO, TOI, SEI
461
19.13. Erasure: SI, SA, SU
463
19.14. Hesitation: Y
465
19.15. No more to say: FAhO
465
19.16. List of cmavo interactions
466
19.17. List of Elidable Terminators
466
20. A Catalogue of selma'o
467
20.1. A Catalogue Of selma'o
467
21. Formal Grammars
489
21.1. EBNF Grammar of Lojban
489
21.2. EBNF Cross-Reference
494
Lojban Word Glossary
505
General Index
527
Lojban Words Index
571
Examples Index
581
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