PAGE
Translator's Preface
iii
From the German Preface
v
Additions and Corrections
viii
List of abbreviations
x
Table of Early Semitic Alphabets
Siloam inscription
xviii
INTRODUCTION
§ 1.
The Semitic Languages in General
1
§ 2.
Sketch of the History of the Hebrew Language
8
§ 3.
Grammatical Treatment of the Hebrew Language
17
§ 4.
Division and Arrangement of the Grammar
22
FIRST PART
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES, OR THE SOUNDS AND CHARACTERS
Chapter I. The Individual Sounds and Characters
§ 5.
The Consonants: their Forms and Names
24
§ 6.
Pronunciation and Division of Consonants
31
§ 7.
The Vowels in General, Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs
35
§ 8.
The Vowel Signs in particular
39
§ 9.
Character of the several Vowels
45
§ 10.
The Half Vowels and the Syllable Divider (Še wâ)
51
§ 11.
Other Signs which affect the Reading
54
§ 12.
Dageš in general, and Dageš forte in particular
55
§ 13.
Dageš lene
56
§ 14.
Mappîq and Rāphè
56
§ 15.
The Accents
57
§ 16.
Of Maqqēph and Mèthĕg
63
§ 17.
Of the Qe rê and Ke thîbh. Masora marginalis and finalis
65
Chapter II. Peculiarities and Changes of Letters: the Syllable and the Tone
§ 18.
In general
68
§ 19.
Changes of Consonants
68
§ 20.
The Strengthening (Sharpening) of Consonants
70
§ 21.
The Aspiration of the Tenues
75
§ 22.
Peculiarities of the Gutturals
76
§ 23.
The Feebleness of the Gutturals א and ה
79
§ 24.
Changes of the Weak Letters ו and י
82
§ 25.
Unchangeable Vowels
84
§ 26.
Syllable-formation and its Influence on the Quantity of Vowels
85
§ 27.
The Change of the Vowels, especially as regards Quantity
88
§ 28.
The Rise of New Vowels and Syllables
92
§ 29.
The Tone, its Changes, and the Pause
94
SECOND PART
ETYMOLOGY, OR THE PARTS OF SPEECH
§ 30.
Stems and Roots; Biliteral, Triliteral, and Quadriliteral
99
§ 31.
Grammatical Structure
103
Chapter I. The Pronoun
§ 32.
The Personal Pronoun. The Separate Pronoun
105
§ 33.
Pronominal Suffixes
108
§ 34.
The Demonstrative Pronoun
109
§ 35.
The Article
110
§ 36.
The Relative Pronoun
112
§ 37.
The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
113
Chapter II. The Verb
§ 38.
General View
114
§ 39.
Ground-form and Derived Stems
114
§ 40.
Tenses. Moods. Flexion
117
§ 41.
Variations from the Ordinary Form of the Strong Verb
118
I. The Strong Verb.
§ 42.
In general
118
A. The Pure Stem, or Qal.
§ 43.
Its Form and Meaning
118
§ 44.
Flexion of the Perfect of Qal
119
§ 45.
The Infinitive
122
§ 46.
The Imperative
124
§ 47.
The Imperfect and its Inflexion
125
§ 48.
Shortening and Lengthening of the Imperfect and Imperative. The Jussive and Cohortative
129
§ 49.
The Perfect and Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive
132
§ 50.
The Participle
136
B. Verba Derivativa, or Derived Conjugations.
§ 51.
Niphʿal
137
§ 52.
Piʿēl and Puʿal
139
§ 53.
Hiphʿil and Hophʿal
144
§ 54.
Hithpaʿēl
149
§ 55.
Less Common Conjugations
151
§ 56.
Quadriliterals
153
C. Strong Verb with Pronominal Suffixes.
§ 57.
In general
154
§ 58.
The Pronominal Suffixes of the Verb
155
§ 59.
The Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes
158
§ 60.
Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes
160
§ 61.
Infinitive, Imperative and Participle with Pronominal Suffixes
162
Verbs with Gutturals.
§ 62.
In general
164
§ 63.
Verbs First Guttural
165
§ 64.
Verbs Middle Guttural
169
§ 65.
Verbs Third Guttural
171
II. The Weak Verb.
§ 66.
Verbs Primae Radicalis Nûn (פ״ן )
173
§ 67.
Verbs ע״ע
175
The Weakest Verbs (Verba Quiescentia).
§ 68.
Verbs פ״א
184
§ 69.
Verbs פ״י . First Class, or Verbs originally פ״ו
186
§ 70.
Verbs פ״י . Second Class, or Verbs properly פ״י
192
§ 71.
Verbs פ״י . Third Class, or Verbs with Yôdh assimilated
193
§ 72.
Verbs ע״וּ
194
§ 73.
Verbs middle i (vulgo ע״י )
202
§ 74.
Verbs ל״א
205
§ 75.
Verbs ל״ה
207
§ 76.
Verbs Doubly Weak
217
§ 77.
Relation of the Weak Verbs to one another
219
§ 78.
Verba Defectiva
219
Chapter III. The Noun
§ 79.
General View
221
§ 80.
The Indication of Gender in Nouns
222
§ 81.
Derivation of Nouns
225
§ 82.
Primitive Nouns
225
§ 83.
Verbal Nouns in General
226
§ 84a .
Nouns derived from the Simple Stem
227
§ 84b .
Formation of Nouns from the Intensive Stem
233
§ 85.
Nouns with Preformatives and Afformatives
235
§ 86.
Denominative Nouns
239
§ 87.
Of the Plural
241
§ 88.
Of the Dual
244
§ 89.
The Genitive and the Construct State
247
§ 90.
Real and supposed Remains of Early Case-endings
248
§ 91.
The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes
254
§ 92.
Vowel Changes in the Noun
260
§ 93.
Paradigms of Masculine Nouns
262
§ 94.
Formation of Feminine Nouns
275
§ 95.
Paradigms of Feminine Nouns
276
§ 96.
Nouns of Peculiar Formation
281
§ 97.
Numerals. (a) Cardinal Numbers
286
§ 98.
Numerals. (b) Ordinal Numbers
292
Chapter IV. The Particles
§ 99.
General View
293
§ 100.
Adverbs
294
§ 101.
Prepositions
297
§ 102.
Prefixed Prepositions
298
§ 103.
Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes and in the Plural Form
300
§ 104.
Conjunctions
305
§ 105.
Interjections
307
THIRD PART
SYNTAX
Chapter I. The Parts of Speech
I. Syntax of the Verb.
A.
Use of the Tenses and Moods.
§ 106.
Use of the Perfect
309
§ 107.
Use of the Imperfect
313
§ 108.
Use of the Cohortative
319
§ 109.
Use of the Jussive
321
§ 110.
The Imperative
324
§ 111.
The Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive
326
§ 112.
The Perfect with Wāw Consecutive
330
B. The Infinitive and Participle.
§ 113.
The Infinitive Absolute
339
§ 114.
The Infinitive Construct
347
§ 115.
Construction of the Infinitive Construct with Subject and Object
352
§ 116.
The Participles
355
C. The Government of the Verb.
§ 117.
The Direct Subordination of the Noun to the Verb as Accusative of the Object. The Double Accusative
362
§ 118.
The Looser Subordination of the Accusative to the Verb
372
§ 119.
The Subordination of Nouns to the Verb by means of Prepositions
377
§ 120.
Verbal Ideas under the Government of a Verb. Co-ordination of Complementary Verbal Ideas
385
§ 121.
Construction of Passive Verbs
387
II. Syntax of the Noun.
§ 122.
Indication of the Gender of the Noun
389
§ 123.
The Representation of Plural Ideas by means of Collectives, and by the Repetition of Words
394
§ 124.
The Various Uses of the Plural-Form
396
§ 125.
Determination of Nouns in general. Determination of Proper Names
401
§ 126.
Determination by means of the Article
404
§ 127.
The Noun determined by a following Determinate Genitive
410
§ 128.
The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State
414
§ 129.
Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution
419
§ 130.
Wider Use of the Construct State
421
§ 131.
Apposition
423
§ 132.
Connexion of the Substantive with the Adjective
427
§ 133.
The Comparison of Adjectives. (Periphrastic expression of the Comparative and Superlative)
429
§ 134.
Syntax of the Numerals
432
III. Syntax of the Pronoun.
§ 135.
The Personal Pronoun
437
§ 136.
The Demonstrative Pronoun
442
§ 137.
The Interrogative Pronoun
443
§ 138.
The Relative Pronoun
444
§ 139.
Expression of Pronominal Ideas by means of Substantives
447
Chapter II. The Sentence
I. The Sentence in General.
§ 140.
Noun-clauses, Verbal-clauses, and the Compound Sentence
450
§ 141.
The Noun-clause
451
§ 142.
The Verbal-clause
455
§ 143.
The Compound Sentence
457
§ 144.
Peculiarities in the Representation of the Subject (especially in the Verbal-clause)
459
§ 145.
Agreement between the Members of a Sentence, especially between Subject and Predicate, in respect of Gender and Number
462
§ 146.
Construction of Compound Subjects
467
§ 147.
Incomplete Sentences
469
II. Special Kinds of Sentences.
§ 148.
Exclamations
471
§ 149.
Sentences which express an Oath or Asseveration
471
§ 150.
Interrogative Sentences
473
§ 151.
Desiderative Sentences
476
§ 152.
Negative Sentences
478
§ 153.
Restrictive and Intensive Clauses
483
§ 154.
Sentences connected by Wāw
484
§ 155.
Relative Clauses
485
§ 156.
Circumstantial Clauses
489
§ 157.
Object-clauses (Oratio Obliqua)
491
§ 158.
Causal Clauses
492
§ 159.
Conditional Sentences
493
§ 160.
Concessive Clauses
498
§ 161.
Comparative Clauses
499
§ 162.
Disjunctive Sentences
500
§ 163.
Adversative and Exceptive Clauses
500
§ 164.
Temporal Clauses
501
§ 165.
Final Clauses
503
§ 166.
Consecutive Clauses
504
§ 167.
Aposiopesis, Anacoluthon, Involved Series of Sentences
505
Paradigms
507
Index of Subjects
533
Index of Hebrew Words
544
Index of Passages
565